Clinical Trial of Fluticasone Versus Placebo at the Onset of a Cold for Children With Asthma

Preschool-aged children, who represent over half of asthmatics presenting to a pediatric emergency department with acute asthma, also account for most hospital admissions for pediatric asthma. More than 80% of exacerbations of preschool-aged children are triggered by upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Current management of this condition is clearly unsatisfactory. In most cases, there is a 24-48 hour delay between the first signs of a viral infection and the onset of asthmatic symptoms, suggesting that a window of opportunity where an intervention could be initiated to alter the severity of the asthma exacerbation. Prior trials testing chronic inhaled steroids throughout the viral season failed to demonstrate any benefit while those examining episodic inhaled steroids at onset of URTI reported a modest benefit on duration and severity of symptoms. The selection of children with mild exacerbations, the small sample size, the cross-over design, the short study period, and the relatively low doses of inhaled steroids may have limited the magnitude of observed benefits attributable to episodic treatment.

The aim of this multicentre double-blind parallel-group placebo-controlled randomized trial is to compare the effectiveness of high doses (750 ug bid) of inhaled fluticasone with HFA propellant versus placebo started at the onset of a viral illness in attenuating the severity and duration of URTI-induced asthma in young children during a 12-month study period. Children aged 1 to 6 years with at least 2 URTI-induced asthma of moderate severity, i.e. requiring a short course of systemic steroids, in the previous 12 months or 1 in the previous 6 months, and no inter-current symptoms will be selected for inclusion. Fluticasone 250 ug or placebo will be administered at a dose of 3 puffs BID from the onset of viral illness until 48 hours without asthma symptoms for a maximum of 10 days. This dose was chosen to approach the efficacy of systemic steroids with significantly less adverse effects. Inhaled salbutamol will be administered as bronchodilator on an "as needed" basis for relief of asthma symptoms at a dose of 2 to 4 puffs of 100 ug at 4-hour interval or longer. A 7-day run-in period will serve to (1) establish the absence of chronic symptoms and the infrequent use of salbutamol and (2) obtain confirmation of eligibility by the pharmacy reports of all corticosteroid preparation dispensed in the preceding 12 months. Eligible children will receive baseline measurement of IgE as measure of atopy, varicella antibodies and of the safety parameters, including height, basal cortisol, and lumbar bone density. Children will then be randomly allocated to one of the two treatments in blocks of 4 with stratification on type of spacer (with mask or with mouthpiece) and recruitment site. Children will be followed every 3±1/2 months by the site investigators or delegates until the end of the 12-month study period. The primary endpoint is the proportion of URTIs in each group requiring treatment with systemic corticosteroids as confirmed by review of medical records and pharmacy records of prescriptions dispensed. Secondary endpoints include other measures of the severity and duration of exacerbations, adjusted for the number of URTIs experienced by each child during the study period. Compliance with the study drug and the use of salbutamol (an important measure of severity) will be documented by the Doser, a device attached to the study inhalers which records, in a blinded mode, the date and number of doses administered over a 45-day period. The safety profile will be examined with the growth velocity, the basal cortisol, and the change in lumbar bone density between baseline and the end of the study period.

A clinically important reduction in the severity and duration of viral-induced asthma will lead to other trials to establish the lowest effective dose of fluticasone. If no adverse effects on growth, bone density, and adrenal function are detected with the tested dose, safety may be assumed at lower doses. An absence of benefit will lead to the abandonment of this frequently used treatment strategy to consider alternative therapies for young children with URTI-induced asthma, who contribute to a marked proportion of health care spending.

An upper respiratory tract infection is defined as rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sore throat, ear ache, with or without fever, lasting >=48 hours.

URTI-induced asthma is defined by wheezing in association with an URTI.

Inclusion criteria

• (1) Children aged 1-6 years,
• (2) they had at least 2 documented episodes of URTI-induced asthma requiring systemic (i.e., oral, intravenous, or intramuscular) corticosteroids in the previous 12 months or 1 episode in the previous 6 months,
• (3) no intercurrent symptoms (i.e., cough, wheezing, or observed dyspnea) documented for at least 7 days between wheezing episodes,
• (4) no suspicion of allergy to pollen or perennial allergens, and
• (5) caregivers have a good understanding of French or English

Exclusion criteria

• (a) other chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cardiac disease, kidney disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux requiring treatment,
• (b) intake, in the 21 days preceding randomization, of inhaled, nasal, or oral corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, cromolyn, nedocromyl, or ketotifen, -(c) prior intubation for an asthma exacerbation.