Clinical Performance of 3-Unit FPDs

All patient recruitment and treatment were performed at the University of Florida College of Dentistry, Graduate Prosthodontic Clinic by Prosthodontic faculty. Patients were initially screened to exclude individuals with medical contraindications to dental treatment, parafunctional habits, and inability to ensure residence in the area for the next five years. Inclusion criteria were a missing posterior tooth in a quadrant (first premolars through second molars) that could be restored with a 3-unit FPD, periodontal pockets of less than 4 mm for each abutment with no periodontal disease, vital abutment teeth, and a crown root ratio of at least 1:1. A patient can have multiple FPDs placed as long as the above-mentioned criteria were met. Baseline data were obtained for each selected subject to include the following:

• General medical history and physical examination
• Primary casts made with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material
• Bite force measurement in Newtons made with a gnathodynamometer
• Pocket depths of abutment teeth
• Periapical radiographs of abutment teeth. The maximum occlusal force exerted by each subject was measured prior to commencing treatment using a bite force gauge that has been reported previously by Gibbs et al.12 The purpose of these measurements was to analyze the influence of occlusal force on the survival of the FPDs. A total of 30 FPDs were fabricated for 21 patients with the core ceramic and all patients were recalled each year for two years. Three clinicians performed treatment and one technician using an in-house laboratory accomplished all labwork. Out of the 21 patients, 18 were female and 3 were male with ages ranging from 30 to 62 years of age. The 3-unit FPDs were located in the posterior area with canines serving as the most anterior abutment and second molars as the most posterior abutment. All FPDs were opposed by natural dentition. The dimensions for tooth reduction included at least 1 mm of axial reduction; 2 mm of occlusal reduction and incorporation of a shoulder or a deep chamfer margin design with rounded line angles. Final impressions were made using a dual impression technique with high and low viscosity polyvinylsiloxane in a stock tray. Provisional resin FPDs were made and cemented with temporary cement. FPDs were processed by hot-pressing the core ceramic (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and applying stain and glaze as necessary. The heat-pressed ceramic system uses the lost wax technique whereby the FPD is waxed to its proper shape and contour and then invested in a special flask with a special type of investment material. The desired shade of a precerammed ceramic cylinder is plasticized at 1100oC and pressed under vacuum and pressure into the mold of the investment.13 The ceramic FPDs were inspected to ensure that the incisogingival height and curvature of the gingival embrasure of the connectors were adequate to resist fracture when subjected to normal biting forces. The minimal dimensions recommended for premolar FPDs, 4 mm x 4 mm, and for molar FPDs, 4 mm x 5 mm, were applied for each FPD when esthetics and gingival contour permitted. Connector heights and widths were measured for each FPD using a boley gauge. FPDs were cemented using either a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Protec CEM, Vivadent) or a dual-cure resin cement (Variolink II, Vivadent) using a random number table. Fourteen (14) FPDs were cemented with the resin-reinforced glass ionomer and 13 with the dual cure resin. Patients were recalled after cementation annually for two years and evaluated for the following clinical criteria: (1) tissue health; (2) secondary caries; (3) occlusion; (4) proximal contact; (5) marginal integrity; (6) absence of sensitivity to percussion, heat, cold, and air; (7) color match; (8) surface texture; (9) absence of wear of opposing teeth; (10) anatomic contour; and (11) no cracks/chips or fracture. This evaluative system was derived from the California Dental Association quality assessment evaluation system.14 FPDs were examined by two independent clinicians who did not prepare the teeth or cement the prosthesis, and rankings of each criterion were made from 1 to 4 with 4 = excellent, 3 = good, 2 = unacceptable (needs repair or replacement in the near future), and 1 = unacceptable (needs immediate replacement). All clinicians/evaluators were subjected to several calibration exercises that consisted of table top analysis of marginal openings as well as slide evaluations of different clinical situations.

Data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis of the variables with α = 0.05. The consistency of the examiners' scores was evaluated for consistency using a test for the standard deviation of inter-examination.

Inclusion criteria

• missing posterior tooth in a quadrant (first premolars through second molars) that could be restored with a 3-unit FPD
• periodontal pockets of less than 4 mm for each abutment with no periodontal disease
• vital abutment teeth
• crown root ratio of at least 1:1.

Exclusion criteria

• individuals with medical contraindications to dental treatment
• parafunctional habits
• inability to ensure residence in the area for the next five years