Identifying premalignant and benign diseases of the cervix and selecting an appropriate treatment path can be challenging. The adult uterine cervix may exhibit a wide variety of pathologic conditions that include benign entities (eg, cervicitis, hyperplasia, nabothian cysts, cervical polyps, leiomyomas, endometriosis, and congenital abnormalities) as well as malignant lesions, particularly cervical carcinoma.
Cervical lesions range from being visible only with an instrument that augments sight such as a colposcope to being visible by speculum examination or endovaginal ultrasound.
The most frequent types of cervical lesions are:
- Cervical polyp Cervical polyps are benign growths, usually protruding from the surface of the cervical canal. They commonly occur during the reproductive years, especially in women over 20 years of age. Cervical polyps are the most common non-cancerous tumour of the cervix.
The cervical polyps may vary in size, shape, and origin. They can present as single or multiple, tear-shaped or lobular, cherry-red, or greyish-white in color, depending on the vascularity of the lesion. The size of the cervical polyp is typically less than three cm in diameter; however, as mentioned earlier, they can vary in size and can be large enough to fill the vagina or be present at the introitus They usually originate in the endocervical canal. Endocervical polyps may be caused by chronic inflammation. They rarely become malignant.
Nabothian cyst Nabothian cysts are a benign gynecological condition in reproductive age without clinical significance. These cysts are at the squamocolumnar junction of the uterine cervix, which is the targeted anatomical area of brush sampling at the time of cervical screening cytology. They are filled with mucus, but they may also contain proteinaceous material, neutrophils, or neutrophil debris. These cysts usually appear superficially and are easily recognized during colposcopy examination. If left untreated, they can induce considerable enlargement of the cervix, which can lead to symptomatology. Other causes of these large cysts include cystic degeneration of uterine leiomyoma and congenital uterine cysts such as mesonephric and paramesonephric cysts and cystic adenomyosis.
Complications of Nabothian cysts include hematometra, labor passage obstruction, rectal compression, abnormal uterine bleeding, specifically in case of giant cysts, and chronic urinary retention by restricting the bladder's outlet or by compressing the pudendal and sacral nerves, thus, disturbing the nerve supply to the detrusor muscle.
Cervical fibroid Cervical fibroids (myomas) start in the muscle tissue of the cervix. They are similar to uterine fibroids but less common. Cervical fibroids may not cause symptoms. The most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Pain during intercourse may happen. If the fibroid becomes large, it may partially block the urinary tract and cause urinary drainage problems such as dribbling or urinary retention. If myomas become infected, they may cause pain, bleeding, or a discharge from the vagina.
The recommended treatment in all cases is excision. After surgery, haemostasis and rapid recovery should be promoted with the support of local, re-epithelizing treatments.
Cerviron® ovules Cerviron® ovules is a class IIb medical device used as adjuvant treatment in cervical lesions of mechanical origin. It favors the healing and re-epithelialization processes and reduces the proliferation of endogenous pathogens.
Bismuth subgallate causes shrinkage of damaged tissue by stopping bleeding and promoting tissue healing. Being an insoluble salt and very little absorbed the bismuth subgalate forms a protective film that allows the other components to act locally. "Through its active ingredient, Bismuth subgallate, Cerviron® ovules exert a protective action on mucous membranes and raw surfaces. Moreover, it provides a strong hemostatic effect, as shown in multiple studies. Moreover, it contains collagen with nutritive, hydrating, healing and trophic effect. Collagen is structurally and functionally a key protein of the extracellular matrix which is also involved in forming the scars during the healing of conjunctive tissues, due to its chemotactic role. Many collagen bandages were developed to improve the repair of the wound, especially of non-infected, chronic, idle cutaneous ulcerations.
The Marigold extract (Calendula Officinalis) contains as active principles carotenoid substances, triterpenic compounds and volatile oil, favouring a healing, antitricomonazic effect and reducing the excessive secretion (leucorrhea). Flavonoids and triterpene glycosides boast soothing properties and also help improve microcirculation. Marigold is mainly used for treating skin disorders: irritation, redness and inflammation. The plant was employed in the civil war to treat wounds.
This is the second clinical investigation on human subjects with this medical device, in which 50 patients will be enlisted, and which will take place in two research centres in Romania.
