Clinical Influence of Different Surface Treatments on Implant Stabiity

The primary outcome measures included primary implant stability, assessed through insertion torque and the Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ).

Secondary outcome measures included the pattern of implant secondary stability during the first 90 days post-implant placement (ISQ), implant survival after one year, NPRS comparison between treatments at one week postoperatively, and any complications or adverse events.

As an additional objective, the study aimed to assess whether a relationship existed between implant surface treatment and early marginal bone loss. Marginal bone levels were measured at three time points: immediately after surgery (T0), upon delivery of prosthetic rehabilitation (T1), and after one year of loading (T2). The distance between the implant platform and the bone crest was measured at each interval, on both the mesial and distal aspects of the implant. A positive value was assigned when the bone crest was coronal to the implant platform, whereas a negative value was assigned when the bone crest was apical to the implant platform.

Study Design: Observational, prospective, non-profit case-control study.

Study Population: The study will be conducted in an outpatient hospital setting.

Enrollment Procedure: All patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be enrolled in the study after receiving the Information Sheet and providing written informed consent.

Patients seeking implant-supported rehabilitation due to the absence of at least two teeth were initially evaluated with a periapical radiograph of the selected sites to assess residual bone height adequacy. If sufficient bone height was observed, a second-level radiographic examination using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was performed to confirm the adequacy of bone volume for implant rehabilitation.

Surgical Phase: Following local anesthesia (mepivacaine HCl 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000), a minimally invasive full-thickness flap was elevated. The same surgeon performed all procedures. Implant site preparation was performed using twist drills. In one group, ozonated oil (Surgy O3, Biosanity) was applied to the implant surface and then the implant was inserted into the prepared osteotomy site. A transepithelial abutment was then attached using a torque wrench, tightened to 30 Ncm. In the second group, implant underwent vacuum-plasma activation immediately before insertion (Plasma X Motion, Megagen, Gyeongbuk, South Korea) and then it was inserted into the prepared osteotomy site. A transepithelial abutment was then attached using a torque wrench, tightened to 30 Ncm. In the control group, the implant was inserted without any treatment. A transepithelial abutment was then attached using a torque wrench, tightened to 30 Ncm. Single monofilament synthetic polypropylene 4.0 sutures were used to close the flaps.

A postoperative radiographic assessment was conducted to verify correct implant positioning.

A blinded operator measured ISQ values for each implant in two directions: vestibular-palatal and mesio-distal. Measurements were taken at the abutment level three times per direction, and the averages were used for statistical analysis.

ISQ measurements were performed using a Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) device (Osstell, Göteborg, Sweden) with the appropriate transducer for the selected abutment (Smartpeg Type 05, Osstell, Göteborg, Sweden).

Follow-up: After surgery, a follow-up visit was scheduled after one week for suture removal, soft tissue healing assessment, and ISQ measurements. Additional follow-ups occurred at 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 90 days, with the same parameters reassessed at each visit.

All implants were restored with screw-retained single metal-ceramic crowns four months after surgery and were followed up for at least 12 months after prosthetic loading. Radiographic check-ups were conducted at 6 months and 1 year.

For the sample size calculation, it was assumed that the minimal clinically relevant difference between the groups was 5 points on the ISQ scale, with a standard deviation of 5. Using an 80% power and a 95% significance level, the calculation yielded a sample size of approximately 16 participants per group (rounded to the next whole number). This ensures sufficient power to detect the anticipated difference between the groups.

Statistical Plan: Statistical analysis will be performed using a computerized statistical package (SigmaStat 3.5, SPSS Inc., Germany). Data will be expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for parametric and non-parametric values, respectively.

Inclusion criteria

• Age older than 18 years old;
• Indication for an implant-supported rehabilitation in the left and right upper premolar/first molar areas;
• The area in which the implants will be placed must have had at least 6 months of healing;
• No use of grafts or bone substitutes following tooth extraction;
• Bone volume measuring at least 10 mm in height and 6 mm in width;
• Absence or decision to not wear a removable prosthesis during the healing period;
• Patients with good and stable oral hygiene;
• Signed informed consent form.

Exclusion criteria

• Acute myocardial infarction within the previous six months;
• Uncontrolled bleeding disorders;
• Uncontrolled diabetes (HBA1c > 7.5%);
• Radiotherapy in the head-neck area in the previous 48 months;
• Immunocompromised patients (es. AIDS / chemotherapy);
• Current or previous treatment with antiresorptive drugs via intravenous injection;
• Psychological or psychiatric disease;
• Alcohol and /or drugs abuse;
• Heavy smokers (more than 10 cigarettes / day);
• Plaque index >20% and/or bleeding on probing >10%
• Pregnant or breastfeeding patients;
• Patients refusing to participate in follow-up checks.