Clinical Assessment and Treatment in the Nursing Home as an Alternative to Hospital Admission

Background and Rationale:

Nursing home residents represent one of the most vulnerable populations in the healthcare system. Most residents are older adults with multiple chronic conditions, frailty, reduced functional capacity, and a high risk of adverse outcomes associated with hospitalization. Hospital admissions may lead to complications such as delirium, hospital-acquired infections, functional decline, and reduced quality of life.

In Denmark, all nursing home residents are registered with a general practitioner, who is responsible for addressing medical issues requiring physician assessment during regular office hours (Monday through Friday 08:00-16:00). During out-of-hours periods, nursing home staff often have limited access to medical assessment and decision support. Municipal acute care teams, staffed by experienced nurses, possess substantial clinical competencies; however, access to physician consultation is often limited during evenings, weekends, and public holidays. Consequently, nursing home residents may be referred to an emergency department or admitted to hospital in situations where clinical assessment and treatment within the nursing home could potentially represent a safe and appropriate alternative.

This study evaluates a new cross-sector care model developed through collaboration between municipalities, municipal acute care teams and hospitals in the Capital Region of Denmark. The model combines home-based clinical assessment by municipal acute care teams with remote consultations with senior physicians from the emergency or geriatrics department. The overall aim is to improve access to timely clinical decision-making, provide treatment in familiar surroundings whenever appropriate, and reduce potentially avoidable hospital admissions.

Study Design:

This is a multicenter, cluster-randomized, unblinded quality-improvement study conducted among nursing homes in the Capital Region of Denmark. Nursing homes are randomized to either the intervention pathway or usual care.

The intervention is implemented during out-of-hours periods, defined as weekdays between 16:00 and 22:00 and weekends and public holidays between 08:00 and 22:00. During these periods, participating intervention nursing homes follow the study pathway, whereas control nursing homes continue standard practice. During regular office hours (Monday through Friday 08:00-16:00) both groups contact the general practitioner as usual, and during nights (22:00-08:00), both groups contact the regional medical helpline, 1813.

Before contacting external healthcare services, nursing home staff in both groups always perform an initial assessment including measurement of vital signs and evaluation of the resident's clinical condition. Residents with immediately life-threatening conditions continue to be managed through standard emergency medical services (112).

The study includes an initial run-in period (1 February-1 September 2026) to optimize implementation of the intervention. Following the run-in period, a new cluster randomization with an increased number of intervention nursing homes will be performed before the start of the main data collection.

Intervention (Home-Based Care Program):

Nursing homes randomized to the intervention arm will, whenever a resident requires urgent clinical assessment during out-of-hours periods, call the municipal acute care team directly instead of the regional medical helpline (1813). The acute care team may manage and conclude the case directly by phone, or they may conduct an on-site comprehensive clinical assessment first. When physician input is required, the acute care team consults a senior physician from the emergency or geriatrics department by telephone or video conference.

Following this remote consultation, a treatment and/or observation plan is established. Possible outcomes of include:

• Management and discharge at the nursing home with advice and minor interventions.
• Follow-up by the resident's general practitioner on the next working day.
• Home-based treatment under hospital responsibility with planned follow-up from the municipal acute care team (Hospital-at-Home, HaH).
• Subacute outpatient assessment at the hospital.
• Assessment by a mobile physician service.
• Acute hospital admission when clinically indicated.

Control Group:

Nursing homes in the control group will follow standard care when a resident experiences acute illness or clinical deterioration during out-of-hours periods, that is, call the regional medical helpline, 1813.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Data on the primary outcomes will be collected by physicians employed at Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte. Data on disposition following the initial assessment will be recorded by nurses from the municipal acute care teams and subsequently collected by the study physicians. Statistical analyses will be performed by the study physicians in collaboration with a biostatistician from the University of Copenhagen. The study findings will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Sample Size and Run-in Period:

This is a pragmatic quality-improvement study. All municipalities in the Capital Region of Denmark, with the exception of Bornholm, have been invited to participate, and all nursing homes within participating municipalities are eligible for inclusion. Consequently, the final sample size will depend on the number of participating municipalities and nursing homes during the study period. Although the study is ongoing, data collection for the main analyses has not yet commenced. A statistical power calculation based on the expected sample size will therefore be performed before initiation of the primary data collection to estimate the study's power to detect clinically relevant differences in the primary outcomes.

An initial run-in period was conducted from 1 February to 1 September 2026 to evaluate and optimize implementation of the intervention. Following this period, a new cluster randomization with an increased number of intervention nursing homes will be performed before commencement of the main study period.

Ethical Considerations:

The study is classified as a quality-improvement initiative and therefore does not require approval from the National Committee on Health Research Ethics. It has been approved by the regional research governance office of the Capital Region of Denmark (P-2026-21209).

Clusters (Nursing Homes):

Inclusion criteria

• Nursing homes, defined as long-term care facilities with care personnal available 24/7 for residents with need for continued medical care
• Nursing homes located in the Capital Region of Denmark
• Nursing homes accepting participation and cluster randomization

Exclusion criteria

• Assisted living facilities, intermediate/temporary care units, rehabilitation units, hospices, or other non-nursing-home setting.
• Nursing homes located on the island of Bornholm