Chronic Widespread Pain After Rapid Weight Loss in Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino/a/x Adults

Participant-reported pain intensity at rest will be assessed post-surgery using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). The NPRS is an ordinal scale with scores ranging from 0-10. Zero is indicative of no pain and 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable.

Participant-reported pain during functional movement tasks will be assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). The NPRS is an ordinal scale with scores ranging from 0-10. Zero is indicative of no pain and 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable.

Body Weight will be measured in kilograms using a digital scale. Two measurements will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if these measurements differ by 0.5 kg or more. The average of the measurements will be included in all statistical analyses.

Participant-reported body weight measured in kilograms.

Body Weight will be measured in kilograms using a digital scale. Two measurements will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if these measurements differ by 0.5 kg or more. The average of the measurements will be included in all statistical analyses.

Standing height will be measured using a stadiometer from the crown of the participant's head to the lowest point on their heels. Two measurements of standing height will be taken in centimeters. A third measurement will be taken if these measurements differ by 1.0 or more. The average of the measurements will be used in all statistical analyses.

Waist circumference is the measurement of the waist at the apex of the pelvis (ilium) in centimeters using a tape measure. Two measurements will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if there is a 1.0-centimeter or greater difference between the previous measurements. The average of the measurements will be used in all statistical analyses.

Waist circumference is the measurement of the waist at the apex of the pelvis (ilium) in centimeters using a tape measure. Two measurements will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if there is a 1.0-centimeter or greater difference between the previous measurements. The average of the measurements will be used in all statistical analyses.

Body Mass Index is the ratio of a person's body weight in kilograms divided by the squared value of their height in meters. BMI is used as a screening measure of individual and population health. BMI values greater than 30 indicate adult obesity.

Body Mass Index is the ratio of a person's body weight in kilograms divided by the squared value of their height in meters. BMI is used as a screening measure of individual and population health. BMI values greater than 30 indicate adult obesity.

Body Mass Index is the ratio of a person's body weight in kilograms divided by the squared value of their height in meters. BMI is used as a screening measure of individual and population health. BMI values greater than 30 indicate adult obesity.

The percentage of total weight loss is the percentage of weight after bariatric surgery compared with pre-surgical weight. It is calculated as (baseline weight - current weight) / (baseline weight) × 100.

The percentage of total weight loss is the percentage of weight after bariatric surgery compared with pre-surgical weight. It is calculated as (baseline weight - current weight) / (baseline weight) × 100.

Range of motion is the angle through which a joint moves. Knee flexion and extension will be measured bilaterally in degrees using a standard long arm goniometer. Two measurements of maximum knee flexion and knee extension angles will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if there is a difference of 5 degrees or more between the previous measurements. The average of the measurements will be included in all statistical analyses.

Range of motion is the angle through which a joint moves. Knee flexion and extension will be measured bilaterally in degrees using a standard long arm goniometer. Two measurements of maximum knee flexion and knee extension angles will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if there is a difference of 5 degrees or more between the previous measurements. The average of the measurements will be included in all statistical analyses.

Range of motion is the angle through which a joint moves. Lumbar spine flexion and extension will be measured in degrees using two (2) bubble inclinometers place at the cervical (neck) and lumbar (low back) spine. The data will be the calculated difference between the bubble inclinometer measurements at the two sites. Two measurements of maximum lumbar flexion and extension angles will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if the previous two differ by 5 degrees or more, and the average of the measurements will be included in all statistical analyses.

Range of motion is the angle through which a joint moves. Lumbar spine flexion and extension will be measured in degrees using two (2) bubble inclinometers place at the cervical (neck) and lumbar (low back) spine. The data will be the calculated difference between the bubble inclinometer measurements at the two sites. Two measurements of maximum lumbar flexion and extension angles will be taken. A third measurement will be taken if the previous two differ by 5 degrees or more, and the average of the measurements will be included in all statistical analyses.

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a standardized assessment of aerobic capacity, cardiovascular endurance, and physical function. This assessment measures the maximum distance a person can walk as quickly as possible in 6 minutes. The distance walked in meters will be included in all statistical analyses.

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a standardized assessment of aerobic capacity, cardiovascular endurance, and physical function. This assessment measures the maximum distance a person can walk as quickly as possible in 6 minutes. The distance walked in meters will be included in all statistical analyses.

This is a standardized clinical assessment of functional lower extremity strength. It is measured as the time (seconds) it takes for participants to complete the transition from sitting in a chair to a standing position as quickly as possible. The time in seconds will be included in all statistical analyses.

The Five Time Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSTS) is a standardized clinical assessment of functional lower extremity strength. It is measured as the time (seconds) it takes for participants to complete the transition from sitting in a chair to a standing position as quickly as possible. The time in seconds will be included in all statistical analyses.

Pressure pain threshold is a measure of static pain sensitivity. Pressure pain threshold will be measured 3 times using a pressure algometer at 3 anatomical locations: the upper trapezius, the medial side of the knee joint, and the lumbar spine. The force in kilopascals at which participants indicate a transition from a pressure sensation to pain greater than or equal to 1 out of 10 will be recorded. The mean force values for all trials and anatomical sites will be used in a statistical analyses.

Pressure pain threshold is a measure of static pain sensitivity. Pressure pain threshold will be measured 3 times using a pressure algometer at 3 anatomical locations: the upper trapezius, the medial side of the knee joint, and the lumbar spine. The force in kilopascals at which participants indicate a transition from a pressure sensation to pain greater than or equal to 1 out of 10 will be recorded. The mean force values for all trials and anatomical sites will be used in a statistical analyses.

Conditioned pain modulation is a measure of dynamic pain sensitivity in which the application of second noxious stimulus (conditioning stimulus) reduces pain intensity ratings from an initial noxious stimulus (test stimulus). The test stimulus in the current study paradigm will be a standardized and calibrated mechanical stimulus and the conditioning stimulus will be thermal (cold water immersion). Pain intensity ratings and mechanical force in kilopascals will be recorded, and mean values will be used in all statistical analyses.

Conditioned pain modulation is a measure of dynamic pain sensitivity in which the application of second noxious stimulus (conditioning stimulus) reduces pain intensity ratings from an initial noxious stimulus (test stimulus). The test stimulus in the current study paradigm will be a standardized and calibrated mechanical stimulus and the conditioning stimulus will be thermal (cold water immersion). Pain intensity ratings and mechanical force in kilopascals will be recorded, and mean values will be used in all statistical analyses.

Conditioned pain modulation is a measure of dynamic pain sensitivity in which the pain increases after the application of repetitive, noxious stimuli. The stimulus in the current study paradigm will be the application of a standardized and calibrated probe (128 nM) as the mechanical stimulus. The probe will be applied to 3 anatomical sitePain intensity ratings before and after the 10th applicatio will be recorded, and mean values will be used in all statistical analyses.

Conditioned pain modulation is a measure of dynamic pain sensitivity in which the pain increases after the application of repetitive, noxious stimuli. The stimulus in the current study paradigm will be the application of a standardized and calibrated probe (128 nM) as the mechanical stimulus. The probe will be applied to 3 anatomical sitePain intensity ratings before and after the 10th applicatio will be recorded, and mean values will be used in all statistical analyses.

The Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) is a 9-item self-assessment with 2 subscales that measure pain intensity and how pain interferes with daily activities. The BPI-SF Pain Severity subscale ranges from 0 ("no pain") to 10 ("Pain As Bad As You Can Imagine"). The Pain Severity subscale score is the mean of 4 items. The Pain Interference subscale score is the mean of 7 items. The BPI-SF will be administered electronically or using written forms in either English or Spanish.

The Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) is a 9-item self-assessment with 2 subscales that measure pain intensity and how pain interferes with daily activities. The BPI-SF Pain Severity subscale ranges from 0 ("no pain") to 10 ("Pain As Bad As You Can Imagine"). The Pain Severity subscale score is the mean of 4 items. The Pain Interference subscale score is the mean of 7 items. The BPI-SF will be administered electronically or using written forms in either English or Spanish.

The Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) is a 9-item self-assessment with 2 subscales that measure pain intensity and how pain interferes with daily activities. The BPI-SF Pain Severity subscale ranges from 0 ("no pain") to 10 ("Pain As Bad As You Can Imagine"). The Pain Severity subscale score is the mean of 4 items. The Pain Interference subscale score is the mean of 7 items. The BPI-SF will be administered electronically or using written forms in either English or Spanish.