Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Personality Structure

HoNOSCA-D (Dölitzsch et al., 2020; von Wyl et al., 2017) The Health of the Nation Outcomes Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) is a questionnaire assessing psychosocial distress in children and adolescents. The 13-item instrument is a viable tool for differentiating the severity and social functioning of those with mental illness and can be used as a meaningful outcome instrument. It parallels a clinician's external assessment with a self-assessment.

CGAS (Shaffer et al., 1983): adapted from the Global Assessment Scale for adults, the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) assesses functioning aimed at children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. The child or adolescent receives a single score ranging from 1 to 100 based on a clinician's assessment of several aspects of the child's psychological and social functioning. The score can be placed in one of ten categories ranging from "extremely impaired" to "very good"

SEFP (Falkai & Wittchen, 2015b): The level of personality functioning is dimensionally classified in the alternative DSM-5-PS model using the Level of Personality Functioning Scale. Criterion A is based on a normative functioning model of personality, from which there can be defined deviations, divided into four degrees of severity, regarding identity, self-control, empathy, and closeness. The SEFP is determined by an assessment by a clinician.

LoPF-Q 12-18 (Goth et al., 2018b): The Levels of Personality Functioning 12-18 Questionnaire (LoPF-Q 12-18) instrument assesses self-report impairments in personality functioning in the four domains of identity, self-control, empathy, and closeness in children and adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18. The test allows a dimensional differentiation between healthy and impaired personality functions, which are associated with a high risk of an existing personality disorder.

YSR/11-18 (Döpfner et al., 2014): Social withdrawal is measured with nine items from the Youth Self-Report 11-18 (YSR/11-18), the social withdrawal subscale. The YSR is a widely used 112-item self-report scale of emotional and behavioral problems developed for children and adolescents ages 11 to 18. Items can be rated on a 3-point scale, where 0=not at all; 1=sometimes or not at all; and 2=always or often true in the past 6 months.

3-item Loneliness Scale (Klein et al., 2021): Social withdrawal is also measured by the 3-item Loneliness Scale. The scale is an economic measure derived from the R-UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980) that captures basic aspects of loneliness: A sense of isolation, disconnectedness, and not belonging. Items are rated on 5-point Likert scales (0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=sometimes, 3=often, 4=very often). Responses are summed for a total score ranging from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating higher levels of loneliness.