Changes in Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Parameters by Life Style Intervention.

Obese and adipose participants are randomized to three intervention groups. During the first six weeks of the program, the subjects assigned to the substitutional diet group (SD-G) were instructed to replace two daily meals with a commercially available soy-joghurt-honey preparation (Almased®). During the following 18 weeks, only one daily meal was replaced by the preparation. The dietary intake of fat during this second phase was not to exceed 60g per day. The first 6-week diet contained about 1000 kcal per day for women and 1200 kcal for men, and then, in the following weeks, aimed at a maximum of 1500 kcal for women and 1700 kcal for men. In addition, a second group of subjects were encouraged to additionally attend a 60-minute physical activity endurance program twice weekly. Otherwise, they were to follow the same rules as the substitutional diet group (SD/PA-G).

The lifestyle education group (LE-G) attended, after enrolment, three teaching sessions bi-monthly and had individual consultations during weeks 6, 24 and 48. All sessions were held by experts in nutritional counselling. Subjects received a diet-overview handout, in accordance with the "German Society of Nutrition" and the "German Society of Sports Medicine and Prevention". Prescribed was a moderate-fat, nutrient-balanced reduction diet consisting of 1200 to 1500 kcal per day for women and 1500 to 1800 kcal per day for men, with approximately 60 percent of the calories coming from carbohydrates, 25 percent from fat, and 15 percent from protein.

The data collected at enrolment and after 6, 24 and 48 weeks were body weight, waist and abdominal circumference, self-reported medical history, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, serum lipids and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-6). For measurement of body composition, the technique of air displacement plethysmography was used (Bod Pod). Dietary compliance was estimated by 24-hour recalls of dietary consumption.

Endpoints: Body weight loss of 5% and 10 %; Reduction of body fat; Change of muscle mass

Inclusion criteria

• Eligible participants must have overweight with a BMI between 27,5 and 35 kg/m²
• The participants must be able to participate in a physical activity program
• The participants must be willing to participate in the program for 1 year
• Written informed consent must be given to accept randomization to either of the intervention groups

Exclusion criteria

• Participants who do not meet all entry criteria
• BMI > 35,0 kg / m²
• Performance capacity < 75 w for 2 min
• Subjects younger than 35 yrs (with reference age at 1st Jan 2002: 34.5 yrs) or older than 65 yrs (with reference age at 1st 2002: 65.5 yrs)
• Absolute or relative contraindications to exercise testing of the ACSM
• Persons unable or with restrictions to participate in a regular physical activity program because of any disease (e.g. history of CHD, arrhythmia, valvular heart disease, arthritis of major joints)
• Severe hypertension systolic BP of > 200 mm Hg and or diastolic BP of > 105 mm Hg at rest
• Persons with established insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
• Persons with a disease of the liver or the kidneys prohibiting high protein intake
• Persons with a disease of the thyroid gland or taking thyroid hormones