Chamomile Effect on Xerostomia Associated With End-stage Renal Disease in Elderly

A double-blind (interventional) cross-sectional clinical trial was performed on 88 participants in the hemodialysis center at Benha university. The inclusion criteria were both genders above 30 years of age with ESRD and complaints of dry mouth sensation. The exclusion criteria were significant salivary gland damage (for example, due to anticancer medication), radiotherapy or chemotherapy history, and allergies).

Bottles containing chamomile mouthwash or the placebo (A or B) were tagged by a reliable person outside the research group and placed inside an opaque envelope along with the questionnaires. Each patient received two envelopes containing a bottle (A & B) and a questionnaire. The results were analyzed exclusively by a statistics consultant at the end of the research. The patients were asked to express their sensation of dry mouth using subjective dry mouth score.

The Summated Xerostomia Inventory (SXI) (Thomson et al., 2011; Frigaard et al., 2023):

ESRD patients who met the eligibility criteria were asked about their subjective severity of xerostomia using SXI score where the patient evaluates the frequency of complaints regarding five statements all recorded at 3 different intervals (at baseline- after 2 weeks- after 1 month).

Salivary flow rate: Eating and talking were prohibited during the time of collection. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for 5 min by spitting method. The collection was timed, so that flow rate (mL/min) could be measured.

The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) utilizes a scale with five categories (1 = never, 2 = hardly ever, 3 = occasionally, 4 = fairly often, and 5 = very often) that was evaluated after one month in both groups. A lower score in any of the five categories indicates higher satisfaction (Al-Zubeidi et al., 2012).

Serum creatinine and blood urea levels were assessed at baseline and after one month in both groups.

Nitric oxide levels were determined by Nitric Oxide Assay Kit (Colorimetric) using Griess reaction: The Bio Diagnostic Nitrite Assay Kit provides an accurate and convenient method for measurement of endogenous nitrite concentration as an indicator of nitric oxide production in biological fluids. It depends on the addition of Griess Reagents which convert nitrite into a deep purple azo compound, photometric measurement of the absorbance due to this azo chromophore accurately determines NO2 - concentration.

Inclusion criteria

• Both genders, aged above 65 years.

• All patients must be clinically diagnosed of ESRD undergoing hemodialysis.
• Patients on hemodialysis ≥ 3 months (Bots et al., 2005).
• All patients must have complaint of xerostomia.
• Patients must be able to make reliable decision or communications.

Exclusion criteria

• - Smoking, Alcohol.
• Patient with history of any serious illness as malignancy, who undergo kidney transplant.
• Patients with any autoimmune disease.
• Vulnerable groups such as prisoners, mentally and physically handicapped individuals.