Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Raynor Cerebellum Project

Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) Child Version will be used to measure complex mental state recognition. This test consists of 28 photographs of the eye region of the human face, each surrounded by four words. Participants pick the word that best describes what the person in the photo is thinking or feeling. Scores range from 0-28, higher score indicates very accurate at decoding a person's facial expressions around their eyes.

Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) Child Version will be used to measure complex mental state recognition. This test consists of 28 photographs of the eye region of the human face, each surrounded by four words. Participants pick the word that best describes what the person in the photo is thinking or feeling. Scores range from 0-28, higher score indicates very accurate at decoding a person's facial expressions around their eyes.

Cyberball/Social Ball Throwing Task will be used to measure social interaction. In this task, the participant engaged in a virtual ball throwing game with two other players. There are three conditions the participants will be randomly assigned to. In two conditions participants are thrown the ball an equal number of times, in the other condition the participant is only thrown the ball a few times. After the participant completes the task, they are given a rating scale to rate how well they trust and prefer the other two players on a scale from 1-7 (totally mistrust to totally trust). The ratings indicated how well the subject was able to determine if they were left out of the group"

Cyberball/Social Ball Throwing Task will be used to measure social interaction. In this task, the participant engaged in a virtual ball throwing game with two other players. There are three conditions the participants will be randomly assigned to. In two conditions participants are thrown the ball an equal number of times, in the other condition the participant is only thrown the ball a few times. After the participant completes the task, they are given a rating scale to rate how well they trust and prefer the other two players on a scale from 1-7 (totally mistrust to totally trust). The ratings indicated how well the subject was able to determine if they were left out of the group"

Participants grip a specially designed fiber optic device (Aither Engineering, Inc.). This device detects nanometer changes in grip force which are calibrated in Newtons. Participants are instructed to rest their arm in a relaxed position. Subjects use their thumb and index finger to press against grip device. Prior to testing, each subject will complete the maximum voluntary contraction for each hand during trials of 3 seconds each with 15 seconds in between each trial. The subject is then instructed to press as hard as they can when the screen says "go" using only the thumb and pointer finger.

Participants grip a specially designed fiber optic device (Aither Engineering, Inc.). This device detects nanometer changes in grip force which are calibrated in Newtons. Participants are instructed to rest their arm in a relaxed position. Subjects use their thumb and index finger to press against grip device. Prior to testing, each subject will complete the maximum voluntary contraction for each hand during trials of 3 seconds each with 15 seconds in between each trial. The subject is then instructed to press as hard as they can when the screen says "go" using only the thumb and pointer finger.

Participants will be positioned at a table with reaching arm resting on the table in a neutral position. The task includes picking up small objects placed on the table and placing the objects one by one into a target container in two trials: preferred and non-preferred hands. The task is rated on a 6-point rating scale, where 5 represents weakest performance, and 0 represents best performance. Each item is given a raw score and a standard score, which translate to a component score and percentile rank.

Participants will be positioned at a table with reaching arm resting on the table in a neutral position. The task includes picking up small objects placed on the table and placing the objects one by one into a target container in two trials: preferred and non-preferred hands. The task is rated on a 6-point rating scale, where 5 represents weakest performance, and 0 represents best performance. Each item is given a raw score and a standard score, which translate to a component score and percentile rank.

A parent self-report form designed to assess sensory processing patterns in children and adolescents. The report includes three subscales: sensory system, behavior, and sensory pattern.Each item is scored on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (1=Much Less Than Others, 2=Less Than Others, 3=Just Like the Majority of Others, 4=More Than Others, 5=Much More Than Others). Raw scores are totaled and converted to percentile ranks based on participant age.

A parent self-report form designed to assess sensory processing patterns in children and adolescents. The report includes three subscales: sensory system, behavior, and sensory pattern.Each item is scored on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (1=Much Less Than Others, 2=Less Than Others, 3=Just Like the Majority of Others, 4=More Than Others, 5=Much More Than Others). Raw scores are totaled and converted to percentile ranks based on participant age.

MEG data will be processed using AFNI (https://afni.nimh.nih.gov/). Using all channels of the MEG data, strength and latency of responses are measured by transforming each subject's raw MEG activity into brain space. A spatial filter is applied which separates the source activity from different brain regions to observe overlap at the sensor level. This analysis will assess functional connectivity between the region of interest (ROI) voxel, the right Crus I of the cerebellum, compared to all other voxels in the brain. Seed-based voxel correlation analysis enables researchers to see the statistical correlation between the ROI activity and activity in other cortical areas. This correlation reveals patterns of connectivity between the ROI and other cortical regions. The second level analysis will utilize a one-way ANOVAs will compare baseline measures (Cyberball, Precision Grip) and demographics (e.g. age) within groups. The within subjects' effect of tDCS on task scores will be evaluated

MEG data will be processed using AFNI (https://afni.nimh.nih.gov/). Using all channels of the MEG data, strength and latency of responses are measured by transforming each subject's raw MEG activity into brain space. A spatial filter is applied which separates the source activity from different brain regions to observe overlap at the sensor level. This analysis will assess functional connectivity between the region of interest (ROI) voxel, the right Crus I of the cerebellum, compared to all other voxels in the brain. Seed-based voxel correlation analysis enables researchers to see the statistical correlation between the ROI activity and activity in other cortical areas. This correlation reveals patterns of connectivity between the ROI and other cortical regions. The second level analysis will utilize a one-way ANOVAs will compare baseline measures (Cyberball, Precision Grip) and demographics (e.g. age) within groups. The within subjects' effect of tDCS on task scores will be evaluated

fMRI data will be processed using AFNI (https://afni.nimh.nih.gov/). A regression analyses is used (3dDeconvolve and 3dREML) for each subject. Data collected from MRI acquisition will be analyzed at two levels. The first level of analysis will use seed-based voxel correlational analysis, a statistical technique for observing differences in brain activity. This analysis will assess functional connectivity between the region of interest (ROI) voxel, the right Crus I of the cerebellum, compared to all other voxels in the brain. Seed-based voxel correlation analysis enables researchers to see the statistical correlation between the ROI activity and activity in other cortical areas. This correlation reveals patterns of connectivity between the ROI and other cortical regions. The second level analysis will utilize a one-way ANOVAs will compare baseline measures (Cyberball, Precision Grip) and demographics (e.g. age) within groups.

fMRI data will be processed using AFNI (https://afni.nimh.nih.gov/). A regression analyses is used (3dDeconvolve and 3dREML) for each subject. Data collected from MRI acquisition will be analyzed at two levels. The first level of analysis will use seed-based voxel correlational analysis, a statistical technique for observing differences in brain activity. This analysis will assess functional connectivity between the region of interest (ROI) voxel, the right Crus I of the cerebellum, compared to all other voxels in the brain. Seed-based voxel correlation analysis enables researchers to see the statistical correlation between the ROI activity and activity in other cortical areas. This correlation reveals patterns of connectivity between the ROI and other cortical regions. The second level analysis will utilize a one-way ANOVAs will compare baseline measures (Cyberball, Precision Grip) and demographics (e.g. age) within groups.

The NIH Toolbox Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test measures both a participant's attention and inhibitory control. Accuracy and reaction scores range in value between 0 and 5. If accuracy scores for the participant reach more than 80%, the reaction time score and accuracy score are combined. Combined scores range in value from 0-10. This score shows how accurate and how quickly the subject responded, the high the score the more accurate and quickly each subject responded.

The NIH Toolbox Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test measures both a participant's attention and inhibitory control. Accuracy and reaction scores range in value between 0 and 5. If accuracy scores for the participant reach more than 80%, the reaction time score and accuracy score are combined. Combined scores range in value from 0-10. This score shows how accurate and how quickly the subject responded, the high the score the more accurate and quickly each subject responded.

The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) is a measure of cognitive flexibility, also known as task switching or set shifting. Scoring is based on a combination of accuracy and reaction time. Accuracy and reaction scores range in value between 0 and 5. If accuracy scores for the participant reach more than 80%, the reaction time score and accuracy score are combined. Combined scores range in value from 0-10. This score shows how accurate and how quickly the subject responded, the high the score the more accurate and quickly each subject responded.

The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) is a measure of cognitive flexibility, also known as task switching or set shifting. Scoring is based on a combination of accuracy and reaction time. Accuracy and reaction scores range in value between 0 and 5. If accuracy scores for the participant reach more than 80%, the reaction time score and accuracy score are combined. Combined scores range in value from 0-10. This score shows how accurate and how quickly the subject responded, the high the score the more accurate and quickly each subject responded.

Stanford Binet-V Working Memory Subtest assesses how well the subject recalls facts and objects. This area assesses how well the subject recalls facts and objects. At lower levels, the non-verbal test involves asking the subject to find an object hidden under a cup, or block tapping in which the subject must repeat a sequence of tapping on blocks initiated by the examiner. The verbal test requires the subject to recall the last words of several sentences in a series. Raw scores are the total number of items correct and are converted into standard scores (0-119) for each subtest based on participant age. Standard scores of 100-110 are considered average for the subjects age range

Stanford Binet-V Working Memory Subtest assesses how well the subject recalls facts and objects. This area assesses how well the subject recalls facts and objects. At lower levels, the non-verbal test involves asking the subject to find an object hidden under a cup, or block tapping in which the subject must repeat a sequence of tapping on blocks initiated by the examiner. The verbal test requires the subject to recall the last words of several sentences in a series. Raw scores are the total number of items correct and are converted into standard scores (0-119) for each subtest based on participant age. Standard scores of 100-110 are considered average for the subjects age range