Cardiovascular Risk in T2DM With MAFLD: A Cohort Study

Inclusion criteria

• 1.Age ≥18 years, male or female;

2.Meet the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to the Chinese Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2022 edition), with a confirmed diagnosis for at least 3 months;

3.Meet the diagnostic criteria for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) according to the *Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (2024 edition)*, with preliminary assessment including liver enzymes (ALT/AST), liver ultrasound, and non-invasive fibrosis markers (FIB-4, LSM), and exclusion of other liver diseases;

4.Willing to participate in this study and provide written informed consent;

5.Able to cooperate with baseline survey and long-term follow-up (i.e., expected to reside in the study area during the follow-up period, without severe cognitive impairment, movement disorders, or other conditions that would interfere with follow-up).

Exclusion criteria

• 1.Concomitant other chronic liver diseases: viral hepatitis (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, etc.), alcoholic liver disease (alcohol intake ≥140 g/week for males, ≥70 g/week for females), autoimmune liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, etc.;

2.Concomitant severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, end-stage renal disease (CKD stage 5), malignant tumor, severe infection, etc., with an estimated life expectancy <5 years;

3.Current use of medications that may significantly affect liver metabolism or glucose metabolism (other than routine glucose-lowering, lipid-regulating, or hepatoprotective agents) that cannot be adjusted;

4.Pregnant or lactating women, or those planning to become pregnant in the near term;

5.Severe mental illness or cognitive impairment that prevents cooperation with surveys and follow-up;

6.Refusal to sign informed consent, or inability to comply with study procedures.