Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performance of Professional Rescuers With a New Defibrillation Algorithm

BACKGROUND

For Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) patients suffering from ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT), BLS care consists of administering external electric shocks (EES) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, despite successful defibrillation, VF recurs in 50% of cases. Rescuers are forced to repeat EES as often as needed, without the recommendations specifying a maximum number.

International guidelines recommend a 2-min CPR time between 2 rhythm analysis, that means one shock every 2 min. Since refibrillation occurs mostly during the first-minute post-shock, the patient will have to wait until the end of the 2 minutes before receiving the next EES. During that time, the chest compressions (CC) provide a reduced fraction of physiologic blood flow.

The new AED algorithm provides the following changes :

• After a 60-second post-shock CPR-period, the AED performs an analysis "in presence of CC" i.e., without CC interruption is performed.
• Each time the AED detects a VF "in presence of CC" the algorithm requires the CC to be interrupted to perform an analysis "in absence of CC " to confirm the rhythm shockability.
• Analyses "in presence of CC" are triggered every minute, possibly followed or not by an analysis " in absence of CC "
• at least, the algorithm performs an analysis " in absence of CC " systematically every 2 minutes.

This new algorithm fits in between two historical CPR algorithms used in western medical systems - the one-minute and the two-minute CPR cycle- depending on the rhythm shockability detected " in presence of CC "

OBJECTIVES

The main objective is to measure the " CC fraction " during the ten first minutes of Fire Fighter BLS care in OHCA.

The secondary objectives :

• Report on the available CPR quality parameters (CC frequency, hands-off maximum).
• Report on the AED's diagnostic performance when analyzing the rhythm "in presence of CC "
• Report on the AED's diagnostic performance when analyzing the rhythm " in absence of CC "
• Report on the overall AED's diagnostic performance that results from the combination of two consecutive analyses " in presence of CC " and " in absence of CC"
• Report on post-shock rhythms and their incidence
• Report on the number of EES per patient
• Report on the time distribution for the shocks administered per-patient to describe the rhythmic storm.
• Report on the incidence of Return Of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), survival at hospital admission, and survival at hospital discharge.
• Compare these reports to a historical cohort (2017).

METHOD

This is a prospective observational study.

• The observation window is limited to CPR cycles within the first 10 minutes of BLS care, or less if ROSC is presumed.
• The choice of 10 minutes is intended to observe the BLS team's action, without interfering with the ALS team that arrives later.
• The three following criteria define a presumptive ROSC:
• 1. presence of QRS complexes of broadly similar morphology
• 2. synchronous impedance curve variation with the QRS complexes (indicating intrathoracic movement, in that case, cardiac mechanical activity)
• 3. no on-going CC
• A CPR cycle is defined by the delay between two " in absence of CC " analyses.

The study does not imply any change in current practice. There is no planned interim analysis.

All consecutive participants with inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria will be analyzed.

STUDY SIZE

The sample size was calculated to perform a non-inferiority analysis first, followed by a superiority test if non-inferiority was demonstrated.

Non-inferiority test. The formula for calculating the required sample size in each group is based on a well-established statistical methodology designed for comparing two means in the context of a non-inferiority test.

n = ((Z α/2 + Z β)2 X (σ12 + σ22)) / (μ1- μ2 - δ)2

With:

• Sample size (n): the number of subjects required in each group.
• α risk: Initially set at 0.025, this value is adjusted to account for multiple hypothesis testing by applying the Bonferroni correction.
• Power 1- β: Established at 90%
• Expected mean difference: This value is set to zero for this study.
• σ (Standard Deviation): The value for each group has been set to 17.
• δ (Non-Inferiority Margin): This margin is set at 5, an arbitrary value considered the maximal loss of effect (inferiority) that would be clinically acceptable when comparing CCF 2021 with CCF 2017

After the calculations, the required sample size was 208 subjects for each group involved in the non-inferiority testing.

Superiority test. Should the non-inferiority hypothesis not be rejected, the study design allows for a subsequent superiority test to be conducted.

For superiority, the investigators use the formula :

n = ((Z α/2 + Z β)2 X (σ12 + σ22)) / (μ1- μ2)2

With:

• Z α/2 : the Z value for an alpha/2 significance level
• Z β : the Z value for a 1-beta power
• σ12 and σ22 : the variances of the two groups
• μ1 and μ2 : the means of the two groups.

For α risk = 0.025 (Bonferroni correction), a power established at 90%, a standard deviation of 17, and a detectable difference between the two groups of 5%, the required sample size was 256 subjects for each group involved in the superiority testing. (STATA : sampsi 65 70 ,SD(17) alpha(0.025)) To account for a 10% loss of subjects, the number of patients was increased to 282, rounded up to 285 per group, i.e., a total of 570 patients.

To observe 285 shockable patients, the investigators estimate the observation time required to be one year.

Note that this same number of patients will be sufficient to detect an absolute 10% difference with an alpha risk of 5% and a power of 90%, between patients in the "2017" group and patients in the "2020" group with regard to the secondary endpoint "Survival at hospital admission"

INTERRUPTION OR STOPPING OF THE STUDY

The sponsor has the responsibility to report, to the national health authority, any serious and unexpected adverse events attributable to the new AED algorithm.

RISKS

A full report on the risks, the description of incidents, accidents and adverse events will be the subject of a chapter in the results section and also in the discussion.

FINANCING

Funding for the study is provided by the Paris Fire Brigade (promoter, following acceptance of the survey under French policy for clinical research projects)

DISCUSSION

The study will report on the CC fraction of an AED algorithm designed to analyze "under CC."

Inclusion criteria

-Non-traumatic OHCA in adults, treated by a BLS team and connected to an AED equipped either with the 2017 or with the 2020 algorithm.

Exclusion criteria

• Use of AED in a pediatric mode
• CPR administered in 15:2 mode
• Patient already connected to another defibrillator at the arrival of the BLS Team
• No shock advised by defibrillator at first analysis
• Patient with a pacemaker

Secondary Exclusion Criteria

• Surviving patients' opposition to the use of their data.
• Patients with unreadable electrocardiographic or impedance data.