Carbohydrate Quality and Its Impact on Sleep and Depression in Type 2 Diabetes

A total of 132 food groups obtained from the food consumption frequency questionnaire were analyzed. Intake (g/day) was calculated using the BeBiS program with a global database, taking into account the amount and frequency of food consumed by each participant. Glycemic Index (GI) values were determined using the BeBiS program's global nutrient database, considering the amount and frequency of food consumed by each participant. To determine the Carbohydrate Quality Index (CQI) score, each of these four components (fiber intake, whole grain ratio, glycemic index, and total carbohydrate ratio) was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5 points. The scores for each component were then calculated, with Q5 indicating the best and Q1 indicating the worst carbohydrate quality.

The Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was used to evaluate the sleep quality of individuals diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The scale consists of a total of 8 questions, each with 3 response options. Scores can range from a minimum of 7 to a maximum of 21. As the score obtained from the scale increases, sleep quality decreases. Questions 5 and 6 were reverse-scored, and a total score was calculated.

The Depression Scale was used to evaluate the psychological status of patients with Type 2 diabetes during this process. The scale consists of a total of 21 questions, each graded on a scale from normal to very advanced (mild, moderate, severe, advanced). It has three sub-dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress. As the scores in the subscales increase, levels of depression, anxiety, and stress also increase.

Sociodemographic characteristics will be assessed using a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers. The questionnaire will include items measuring age, gender, education level, and income status. The results will be presented as numbers and percentages for each characteristic

Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2)

Body weight in kg

Height in cm