Can Robot-Assisted Gait Training In Addition To Conventional Rehabilitation Provide Better Outcomes In Children With Cerebral Palsy?

Primary outcomes

1. GMFCS

   Time frame: 5 minute

   GMFCS was used to determine the extent and severity of CP in order to identify the inclusion criteria. The 5-level classification system that was developed in 1997 and expanded in 2007 by Palisano et al. was used to classify gross motor functions in patients with CP (7). The expanded Turkish version of GMFCS was prepared by Günel et al. (8). Levels of this classification are outlined below:

   Level I: Walks without limitations Level II: Walks with limitations Level III: Walks with the use of hand-held mobility equipment Level IV: Self-mobility is limited but can use a powered mobility device Level V: Carried on a manual 'wheelchair' GMFCS levels of children with CP were studied under 5 levels in this study. Children with CP who were level 2 and above were included

2. TUG test

   Time frame: 10 minute

   This test measures various components such as gait speed, postural control, functional mobility and balance (12). In the evaluation, a chair with a backrest but no armrests was placed at a 3-m distance from the wall and the children were positioned with hips and knees in 90° flexion. The children were asked to stand up, walk and touch the picture on the wall and then go back and sit down. The activity was shown and explained to the children before starting the test. Then, the children were asked to complete this activity twice. The time taken by the children to stand up from the chair, perform the activity and sit down was noted. The mean of the two test results was used for the analysis. Two children who were level 5 according to GMFCS were not included in this assessment.

3. WeeFIM

   Time frame: 20 minute

   WeeFIM was used to evaluate the level of functional skills in children with CP. It consists of 18 items in six domains including sphincter control, self-care, transfer, communication, locomotion, cognition and social interaction. Each item in these domains is scored from 1 to 7, considering whether the child is able to perform the relevant functional task in time with or without requiring a device or assistance. The item is scored 1 point if a child requires total assistance while performing the task and 7 if a child independently performs the task safely and in time. The items are scored from 1 to 7 depending on the requirement for assistance. Therefore, the lowest score is 18 (completely dependent) and the highest score is 126 (completely independent) (11).

4. PBBS

   Time frame: 15 minute

   PBBS, a modification of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), developed for children by Franjoine et al. (10) was used to evaluate the functional balance of children during daily life activities. The scale consists of 14 items that are scored from 0 to 4, with a maximum score of 56 points. In PBBS, the order of the sections in the standard BBS has been rearranged from easy to difficult as a functional sorting, the time standards in the sections related to maintenance of static posture have been reduced considering the paediatric population and the guidance has been simplified (10).

5. Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS).

   Time frame: 15 minute

   MAS was used to evaluate the muscle tone of the gastrosoleus, gluteus medius and quadriceps femoris muscles in lower limbs. The children were allowed to rest on the therapy bed for 5 minutes before starting the assessment. The measurements were conducted on bare limbs at the same time of the day on a bed with suitable firmness and width, while the children were lying in the supine position with the upper and lower limbs placed parallel to the torso and in extension as much as possible and the head in middle position without a pillow. Passive range of motion exercises were conducted within 1 second for measurement standardisation purposes in MAS. The children included in the study were evaluated by the same physiotherapist.