Butyrate-enriched Triglyceride and Diabetes Prevention

Inclusion criteria

In order to be eligible to participate in this study, a subject must meet all of the following criteria:

• Age 20-70 years
• BMI ≥ 28 and < 40 kg/m2
• Weight stable for at least 3 months
• Normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 100-140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 60-90 mmHg)
• One or more of the following criteria to determine disturbed glucose/insulin homeostasis

• Fasting glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol/L
• Two-hour glucose of 7.8-11.1 mmol/L
• HOMA-IR ≥ 2.2
• HbA1c (5.7-6.4%)

Exclusion criteria

• Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2)

• Cardiovascular disease: including no history or myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias
• Pulmonary disease: no history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma
• Kidney (e.g. kidney failure) or liver (e.g. cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty acid) malfunction
• Gastrointestinal disease (no inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome or digestive disorders) or a history of abdominal surgery (except appendectomy and cholecystectomy)
• Autoimmune disease
• Any other diseases affecting glucose and/or lipid metabolism or use of any medication that influence glucose or fat metabolism and inflammation
• Ongoing disease or any disease with a life expectancy ≤ 5 years
• Abuse of products; alcohol (>15 units per week) and drugs, excessive nicotine use defined as >20 cigarettes per week
• Regular supplementation of pre- or probiotic products, use of pre- or probiotics, antibiotics and laxatives 3 months prior to the start of the study
• Intensive exercise training more than three hours a week
• Plan to lose weight or to follow a hypocaloric diet or vegetarian diet
• Pregnancy