Brief Exposure and Exercise for PTSD.

A community sample (n=6) of adults with PTSD will receive eight sessions of standardized brief exposure therapy with six sessions of imaginal exposures and aerobic exercise. This clinical trial will be the first study demonstrate the effectiveness of an exposure-only therapy and exercise treatment by isolating and targeting safety learning using imaginal exposures. This approach will address gaps in the literature by demonstrating treatment effectiveness, mechanistic engagement, and patients' perceptions of a brief imaginal exposure treatment combined with aerobic exercise. Addressing these gaps through a preliminary clinical trial that establishes feasibility and treatment effectiveness is a necessary first step before exerting substantial time and money on a large-scale clinical trial.

Aligned with an experimental therapeutics approach, the proposed study will take advantage of single-case experimental design (SCED) to explore changes in PTSD symptom severity and exposure therapy mechanisms (i.e., belief change, experiential avoidance, and emotional intensity) within each participant. SCEDs are parsimonious research designs that are ideal for investigating mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions. SCEDs use each subject as their own control, resulting in high internal validity and the ability to examine effect sizes across subjects.

Upon referral to the study, participants will complete a brief battery of self-report questionnaires to screen for eligibility. Likely eligible participants, determined by the prescreening, will be given a link to schedule an intake with PI or other graduate student research personnel to complete informed consent and assessments to evaluate inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eligible participants will then be randomized to either a 3, 4 or 5 week baseline period, where participants will complete weekly self-report questionnaires to assess PTSD symptoms and exposure therapy mechanisms. Participants fill out a questionnaire battery before, during, and after treatment resulting in a total of 10-14 weeks of self-report assessments. After the baseline assessment phase, participants will complete the first session of PE, which focuses on psychoeducation and treatment planning, six sessions of imaginal exposures and exercise, and a final PE session discussing relapse prevention and future directions. During the six imaginal exposure sessions (sessions 2-7), participants will complete 20 minutes of imaginal exposure to traumatic memories, 10 minutes of emotional processing, and then 20 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (i.e., 70-75% of MHR) on a stationary bike with 3 minutes of warmup and 2 minutes of cool-down. Proximal measures for exposure mechanisms will be assessed during treatment sessions (e.g., subjective units of distress) to align with distal measures of exposure therapy, which are assessed in the weekly self-report batteries. Following completion of the treatment, participants will be asked to provide satisfaction ratings on the treatment.

PTSD symptom severity will be assessed weekly to investigate treatment efficacy (Aim 1). Acceptability will be evaluated using a self report patient satisfaction questionnaires (Aim 2). Adherence to the treatment protocol will be used to characterize feasibility (Aim 3).

Inclusion criteria

• Provide informed consent and are willing to participate in therapy sessions twice weekly, which include moderate-intensity aerobic exercise.
• Participants must be adults aged 18-64 meeting the criteria for PTSD within the past month, who are not currently receiving treatment from other psychotherapy or are on unstable psychiatric medication (i.e., less than four weeks of psychiatric medication).
• Participants should be able to engage in 25 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (i.e., 70-75% of max heart rate).
• Participants must be able to speak and read English fluently to participate in the current study.

Exclusion criteria

• Participants who endorse health condition(s) that would prevent moderate exercise.
• Participants who endorse (i.e., "yes") any items on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ) that is not controlled or managed.
• Participants with any injuries to the lower extremities that may hinder riding an exercise bicycle.
• Psychiatric exclusion criteria include recent (within the past three months) severe use disorder(s), high risk for suicide (i.e., plan, intent, or recent attempt), mania, or psychotic symptoms unrelated to PTSD symptoms.
• Participants currently seeking or undergoing any other trauma-focused psychotherapy treatment.