Breathing Performance of Healthy Young Adult

The specific aims of the study are:

• difference of respiratory muscle performance between three groups
• the correlation between respiratory symptom and pulmonary functional test
• difference of functional respiratory performance (peak cough flow of voluntary cough) between three groups
• muscle activation of abdominal muscle and diaphragm during performing voluntary force
• performance of diaphragm under different breathing load

• Health subject

Inclusion criteria

• aged 20 years or above
• currently not being diagnosis as COPD
• less than 4 times/week of aerobic exercise
• COPD-like subject

Inclusion criteria

• aged 20 years or above
• currently not being diagnosis as COPD
• presented of COPD symptoms (coughing, sputum production and dyspnea), last for 3 months and more than 2 years
• score more than 1 on modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) or COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
• COPD subject

Inclusion criteria

• aged 20 years or above
• currently being diagnosis as COPD
• haven't participated in any pulmonary rehabilitation program in the past three months

Exclusion criteria

• Untreated comorbidities for COPD
• Postural asymmetries (Scoliosis, length discrepancy of the lower limbs or other previous surgical history of spine)
• Chronic nonspecific lumbopelvic pain
• Gynecological or abdominal surgery in the previous year
• Pregnancy or post-delivery in the previous 6 months
• Neurological or inflammatory disorders
• Any conditions that may interfere with the data collection