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Completed

NCT Number: NCT07270107

Bobath Instruction in Physiotherapy: Virtual Reality Versus Traditional Methods

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality (VR)-based instruction compared with traditional face-to-face teaching for delivering the Bobath concept in physiotherapy education. Third-year physiotherapy students were randomly assigned to either VR-based or conventional instruction and completed standardized theoretical and practical assessments immediately after training and again two weeks later. While both instructional methods resulted in comparable short-term learning outcomes, the VR group demonstrated superior retention of practical skills at follow-up. Findings suggest that immersive VR is a feasible and effective educational approach for enhancing motor skill learning in neurophysiological rehabilitation training.

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Key information

Conditions

Physical Therapy Education Neurorehabilitation Virtual Reality

Sex eligibility

Female

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Kocaeli Health and Technology University

Kocaeli, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

This two-arm, parallel-group, single-blind randomized controlled trial aims to investigate whether immersive virtual reality (VR)-based education can enhance learning and retention of the Bobath concept among undergraduate physiotherapy students. The Bobath approach, widely used in neurorehabilitation, requires learners to integrate postural control principles, movement facilitation techniques, and sensorimotor strategies-skills traditionally taught through face-to-face lectures and hands-on demonstrations. Given the increasing integration of digital technologies in health professions education, immersive VR may offer an alternative through interactive, high-fidelity, and repeatable learning experiences.

Students will be randomized to receive either a standardized face-to-face instructional session or an immersive 360° VR-based session of equivalent duration and content. Both groups will be exposed to theoretical explanations and practical demonstrations focusing on trunk control strategies, alignment principles, and facilitation techniques. Practical components in both groups will be reinforced through structured small-group practice following the instructional session.

To ensure methodological rigor, two independent evaluators blinded to group allocation will assess student performance through a multiple-choice knowledge test and a three-station Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), administered two days after training and again two weeks later to evaluate retention. Inter-rater reliability will be calculated to ensure consistency of scoring across evaluators.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Third-year undergraduate physiotherapy students.
  • First-time enrollment in the Neurophysiological Approaches II course.
  • No prior training or formal exposure to the Bobath concept.
  • System Usability Scale (SUS) score classified as A+ (96-100 percentile). -Ability to participate in VR or face-to-face instruction as assigned.- Voluntary participation with provision of written informed consent.-

Exclusion criteria

  • History of medical conditions contraindicating VR use (e.g., vestibular disorders, migraine, epilepsy).
  • Prior experience, certification, or coursework related to the Bobath concept.
  • Failure to provide informed consent.
  • Any condition that may limit safe participation in the educational session or assessments.

Treatment and study plan

Immersive VR headset instruction

Device

The study interventions consisted of two educational delivery methods used to teach the Bobath concept in physiotherapy training. Both interventions provided identical learning objectives, theoretical content, and practical demonstration elements related to postural control strategies. The instructional materials were standardized in duration, sequencing, and educational objectives to ensure equivalence across groups. Delivery differed only in format, with one method provided through traditional in-person instruction and the other through immersive virtual reality technology. All students practiced the demonstrated techniques following the instructional component, and no additional instructional materials were provided beyond the assigned modality

Traditional instruction

Other

This intervention delivers Bobath concept education through conventional face-to-face teaching methods. The instructional session includes faculty-led theoretical explanations and live demonstrations delivered in a traditional classroom or laboratory setting. Students receive the standardized content through direct instructor interaction, consistent with customary physiotherapy training practices. All participants subsequently engage in supervised practice to apply the demonstrated concepts.

Primary outcomes

  1. Theoretical Knowledge Score

    Time frame: Post-test at 2 days and retention test at 2 weeks after the intervention

    Description:

    The theoretical outcome measure assesses students' understanding of Bobath-based postural control strategies using a 10-item multiple-choice examination. Each correct response is awarded 1 point. Raw scores (0-10) are converted to a 0-100 scale.

    Score Range: 0-100 Direction: Higher scores indicate better theoretical knowledge. The same standardized test is administered at both assessment points to evaluate learning and retention under the two instructional modalities.

  2. Practical Performance Score (OSCE)

    Time frame: Post-test at 2 days and retention test at 2 weeks after the intervention

    Practical skill performance is evaluated using a three-station Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) assessing Bobath-based postural control strategies. Each station uses a standardized 3-point checklist (0 = not performed, 1 = partially performed, 2 = correctly performed). The combined station scores are converted to a 0-100 scale.

    Score Range: 0-100 Direction: Higher scores indicate better practical performance. All assessments are video-recorded and independently scored by two blinded evaluators using the same scoring rubric. This metric evaluates both immediate skill acquisition and subsequent retention.

Other outcomes

  1. Inter-Rater Reliability of Practical Performance Scores

    Time frame: At post-test (2 days) and retention (2 weeks)

    Inter-rater reliability of OSCE practical performance scores is assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC, two-way random effects, absolute agreement) and Cohen's kappa for pass/fail classification. These metrics evaluate the consistency and agreement between the two blinded evaluators scoring the practical examinations.

  2. Pass/Fail Classification Based on Combined Score

    Time frame: Post-test at 2 days and retention test at 2 weeks

    Students' overall performance is classified as pass or fail based on a predefined threshold of ≥70% from combined theoretical and practical scores. Pass rates are compared between groups to assess competency achievement in each instructional modality.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Kocaeli Sağlık ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Immersive Virtual Reality Versus Traditional Instruction for Teaching the Bobath Concept in Physiotherapy Education: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Acronym: BOBATH-PT

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2025
First posted
Dec 8, 2025
Registry last updated
Dec 8, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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