Blinatumomab Combined With Venetoclax as Maintenance Therapy After Allo-HSCT in High-risk Ph Negative Acute B-cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia

This study focuses on high-risk Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients. The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of blinatumomab combined with venetoclax as maintenance therapy following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in these patients, while the secondary objective is to assess its safety. The primary endpoint is the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate post-transplantation. Secondary endpoints include the 2-year cumulative relapse rate, 2-year overall survival (OS), incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) within 180 days post-transplant, cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD, graft-versus-host disease-free and relapse-free survival (GRFS), non-relapse mortality (NRM), and the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (defined as occurring from the start of maintenance therapy to 3 months after completion). Safety assessments include the incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events during treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Demographics : Patients aged 14-65 years, regardless of gender or race.
• Diagnosis : Confirmed Ph-negative acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph- B-ALL) through bone marrow cytomorphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, chromosomal analysis, and genetic mutation testing, with CD19 surface antigen expression.
• Risk Stratification :

High-risk B-ALL (per NCCN 2024.V2 guidelines) or Standard-risk B-ALL with no pre-transplant remission or Standard-risk B-ALL in first complete remission (CR1) with measurable residual disease (MRD) positivity or Standard-risk B-ALL with ≥CR2 or B-ALL patients receiving reduced-intensity or non-myeloablative conditioning.

• Transplant Eligibility : Scheduled for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with a suitable donor meeting: HLA-identical sibling donor or Unrelated donor (HLA 9-10/10 high-resolution matched) or Haploidentical related donor.
• HCT-CI Score : ≤2 (Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index).
• ECOG Performance Status : ≤2.
• Organ Function :

Serum creatinine ≤1.5×ULN Cardiac ejection fraction ≥50% Baseline SpO₂ >92% Total bilirubin ≤1.5×ULN; ALT/AST ≤2.0×ULN Pulmonary DLCO (hemoglobin-adjusted) ≥40% and FEV1 ≥50%

• Post-Transplant Recovery :

Full donor chimerism Platelet count >50×10⁹/L Absolute neutrophil count >1.0×10⁹/L Hemoglobin >80g/L - Informed Consent : Patient and legal guardian must provide written informed consent, comply with treatment protocols, follow-up visits, and laboratory assessments.

Exclusion criteria

• Prior Malignancy : History of malignancy other than acute lymphoblastic leukemia within 5 years, except for adequately treated cervical carcinoma in situ, basal or squamous cell skin cancer, localized prostate cancer post-radical resection, or ductal carcinoma in situ post-resection.
• MRD-Negative B-ALL : Standard-risk B-ALL with MRD-negative status pre-transplant (per NCCN 2024.V2).
• Disease Activity : Relapse of primary disease or CR/MRD positivity (≥0.01%) confirmed by bone marrow re-evaluation within 1 week before maintenance therapy.
• T-Cell Deficiency : Absolute CD3+ T-cell count ≤0.5×10⁹/L prior to maintenance therapy.
• Active GVHD : Concurrent acute/chronic GVHD requiring systemic immunosuppressive treatment.
• Unstable Systemic Diseases : Including but not limited to:
• Unstable angina or cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack (within 3 months)
• Myocardial infarction (within 3 months)
• Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class ≥ III)
• Post-pacemaker implantation with severe arrhythmia requiring medication
• Uncontrolled hepatic/renal/metabolic diseases
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Active Infection : Uncontrolled infections requiring intravenous antibiotics. HIV : Positive human immunodeficiency virus status. Hepatitis : Active HBV/HCV requiring antiviral therapy.
• Psychiatric Conditions : Mental disorders or inability to provide informed consent.
• Substance Abuse : Drug addiction or chronic alcoholism affecting trial evaluation.
• Reproductive Status :

Pregnant/breastfeeding females Fertile patients unwilling to use contraception during treatment and 12 months post-treatment

• Other : Conditions deemed inappropriate by investigators.