Blended Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Compassion

Detailed Description This study is a two-arm, parallel-group, pilot randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the delivery of a blended (mHealth) Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Compassion (bTF-CBT-C) for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within routine child and adolescent psychiatric services in northern Sweden. The trial primarily targets feasibility and acceptability of trial procedures and intervention delivery in real-world clinical settings, and will generate preliminary estimates of variability in key clinical and mechanism-related measures to inform the design of a subsequent fully powered non-inferiority trial.

Design and setting The trial will be conducted in publicly funded child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) clinics in Regions Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to bTF-CBT-C (experimental) or standard TF-CBT (control). Randomization will be generated by an independent researcher using permuted blocks (block size 4) and stratified by geographic region. Allocation concealment will be maintained using sequentially numbered sealed opaque envelopes. Due to the nature of psychological treatment, participants and therapists cannot be blinded.

Intervention rationale and structure Standard TF-CBT is the recommended first-line psychological treatment for youth PTSD, but access in rural regions is challenged by long travel distances and limited therapist availability. bTF-CBT-C has been developed to reduce structural barriers while maintaining therapeutic alliance and emotional safety, with particular attention to shame and self-criticism commonly present after interpersonal trauma. The intervention follows the TF-CBT PRACTICE framework and integrates compassion-focused strategies intended to support engagement and reduce threat-based responding during trauma-focused work.

Experimental arm: bTF-CBT-C (blended TF-CBT with compassion) bTF-CBT-C combines (1) an initial therapist-led clinic session, (2) self-paced app-based stabilization modules with between-session practice, (3) therapist-led videoconferencing sessions, and (4) selected in-person sessions when clinically indicated. The intervention is delivered across three overarching phases:

• Stabilization (Modules C0-C5): app-based psychoeducation and skills training for adolescents and caregivers (e.g., emotion regulation strategies and compassion-based practices such as soothing rhythm breathing and compassionate imagery). The stabilization phase is supported by therapist check-ins (video) and clinic routines, and includes an individualized safety plan developed together with the adolescent and caregiver.
• Trauma processing (Module C6): therapist-led trauma narration and cognitive processing using TF-CBT procedures, delivered primarily via secure videoconferencing and supplemented with in-person sessions as needed. Compassion-focused strategies are used to address shame and self-criticism and to support emotional safety and approach behavior during trauma-focused work.
• Integration and recovery (Modules C7-C9): consolidation of gains, in-vivo mastery/exposure planning where relevant, conjoint caregiver-adolescent work, and future-oriented relapse prevention supported by compassionate imagery and values-consistent planning.

The digital components are delivered using the CE-marked Amnicare mobile application. Videoconferencing is delivered via GDPR-compliant platforms used in routine care (e.g., Visiba Care and Platform24). Participants use their own smartphone/tablet; technical support is available through the clinic.

Control arm: standard TF-CBT Participants allocated to the control arm receive standard TF-CBT delivered face-to-face and with videoconference in routine care by clinicians trained in TF-CBT, including the core PRACTICE components and caregiver involvement in line with the manual. Usual clinical flexibility regarding number of sessions and pacing is retained, consistent with routine care delivery.

Assessments and follow-up The trial includes assessments at baseline, after completion of the stabilization phase, post-treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. In addition, brief weekly process measures are collected during the intervention period to capture engagement, alliance, usability/experience of digital components (where applicable), and key mechanism-relevant processes (e.g., shame/guilt-related responses). Qualitative interviews with adolescents, caregivers, and therapists are conducted during and/or after treatment to capture experiences of the blended format, perceived helpfulness and burden, and recommendations for refinement.

Safety and risk management A structured safety plan is developed with each adolescent and caregiver prior to the digital stabilization phase. Risk and emotional safety are monitored weekly through brief self-report items. Any indication of increased risk triggers clinician follow-up according to routine CAP procedures. Videoconferencing sessions follow a predefined protocol for interrupted calls (immediate reconnection attempts, phone contact, and escalation to welfare checks/emergency procedures as clinically indicated). Adverse events and serious adverse events are documented in a study safety log and reviewed in supervision.

Data management and confidentiality Study data are pseudonymized and stored on secure, access-restricted servers. Data transfer from digital components uses encrypted channels and complies with GDPR and institutional requirements for sensitive personal data. Only authorized members of the research team have access to identifiable data.

Statistical approach (pilot focus) Analyses will follow intention-to-treat principles. Feasibility and acceptability indicators will be summarized descriptively (e.g., proportions, means, and confidence intervals). Exploratory models (e.g., baseline-adjusted ANCOVA and/or mixed-effects models) will be used to describe symptom trajectories and estimate variability and preliminary effect size ranges for planning the future non-inferiority trial; the study is not powered for formal effectiveness testing. Qualitative interviews will be analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Progression criteria Predefined progression criteria will guide decisions about moving to a fully powered non-inferiority trial, focusing on recruitment, retention, acceptability, and data completeness thresholds consistent with pilot and feasibility trial guidance. Findings will be used to refine trial procedures, therapist training/support, and the blended intervention structure prior to scale-up.

Inclusion criteria

• Adolescents aged 12-17 years.
• Meet DSM-5 criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confirmed by diagnostic interview (MINI-KID).
• Score ≥25 on the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS-2) at baseline.
• Receiving care within routine child and adolescent psychiatric services in participating regions.
• Have a non-offending caregiver willing and able to participate in caregiver components of treatment.
• Able to communicate in Swedish sufficiently to engage in treatment and assessments.
• Provide informed assent/consent, with caregiver consent according to age and regulations.

Exclusion criteria

• Acute suicidality or risk requiring inpatient care.
• Active psychotic disorder or severe dissociative symptoms that interfere with participation.
• Autism spectrum disorder, severe eating disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder requiring primary specialized treatment.
• Ongoing trauma exposure or unstable living conditions that would prevent safe participation.
• Cognitive impairment or medical condition that precludes participation in psychotherapy or digital components.
• Substance use disorder requiring treatment, or regular use of benzodiazepines (> once per week).
• Concurrent trauma-focused psychotherapy or recent initiation/discontinuation of psychotropic medication (within the past 6 weeks), or planned medication changes during the study period.