Blended Resources for Integrated Diabetes Guidance and Empowerment

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the average plasma glucose concentration over the preceding 3 months. It serves as the gold standard biomarker for long-term glycemic control in diabetes management. Data will be obtained from venous blood samples collected at community health centers. A lower HbA1c percentage indicates better glycemic control.

Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m^2). BMI is used as an indicator of body fatness and weight management status. A lower BMI (within the healthy range) generally indicates better weight control outcomes.

Measured as Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in mmHg using a standard sphygmomanometer. Lower blood pressure values (approaching the normal range) indicate better cardiovascular risk management.

The occurrence of new or worsening diabetes-related complications, including but not limited to neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular events. Data will be collected through medical record reviews and patient self-reports. A lower incidence rate indicates better disease management

Assessed using the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. It covers five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Responses are converted into a single utility index score ranging from less than 0 to 1. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.

Assessed using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. This instrument measures the frequency of self-care activities (including diet, exercise, blood sugar testing, and foot care) over the past 7 days. Higher scores indicate better adherence to diabetes self-management activities.

Assessed using the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQs). This tool evaluates the patient's satisfaction with their current treatment regimen, including perception of hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia and convenience. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with the treatment.

Assessed using the Chinese eHealth Literacy Scale (C-eHEALS). This scale measures the participants' combined knowledge, comfort, and perceived skills at finding, evaluating, and applying electronic health information to health problems. Higher scores indicate higher levels of electronic health literacy.

Total direct and indirect costs related to diabetes management. Direct costs include expenses for examinations, medications, outpatient/inpatient visits, transportation, and caregiver fees. Indirect costs include caregiver time costs. Data will be collected via patient questionnaires and healthcare utilization records. Lower costs indicate a reduced economic burden.

Measured as the total count of dietary records (photos or text entries) uploaded by each participant via the "Diet-Medicine Companion" (Shi Yi Ban Lv) mini-program. Data is automatically logged by the system's backend server. This metric serves as a direct objective indicator of participant engagement and adherence to the intervention protocol (which requires daily uploads). Higher numbers indicate better adherence.