Birds and Bees Research Study

Parent questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about relationships, sex, and media. (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about relationships, sex, and media. (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about relationships, sex, and media. (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about relationships, sex, and media. (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1 =not at all important - 4=very important) how important they think it is to engage in parent-child communication about several relationship and sexual health topics (e.g., reasons to wait to have sex). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=not at all comfortable - 4=very comfortable) how comfortable they are engaging in parent-child communication about several relationship and sexual health topics (e.g., reasons to wait to have sex). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about communicating with their child about sex (e.g., It would embarrass me to talk about sex and birth control with my child). Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about the outcomes of communicating with their child about sex (e.g., I will feel proud). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 7-point scale (1=not sure at all - 7=completely sure) how sure they are that they can explain to their child about several relationship and sexual health topics (e.g., how pregnancy happens). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to parent-child communication (e.g., My child and I can talk about almost anything.) Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to parent-child communication (e.g., My parent and I can talk about almost anything.) Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently they consume various media (e.g., Think about your average week. How often do you watch television shows?), and the sexual content of the media they consume (e.g., How would you rate the amount of sexual content in the television shows you watch? No sexual content, A little sexual content, Some sexual content, A lot of sexual content). Lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 5-point scale (1=Never; 2=Rarely; 3=Sometimes; 4=Often; 5=Always) how often they have experienced several online situations (e.g., been exposed to sexual content online). Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

The child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale how likely it is that they will engage in sexual activity (e.g., How likely is it that you will have sex in the next year?) (1=Not likely at all, 2=Unlikely, 3=Likely, 4=Very likely) Participant's responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

The child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Very unwilling - 4=Very willing) their willingness to engage in sexual activity if they were not sure that they wanted to. Lower values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in evaluative media mediation related to media use and rules. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in several evaluative mediation behaviors related to media use and rules.Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about teen sex. Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to abstaining from sexual activity. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to contraception. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Always) how much they agree with several statements related to how often their parent engages in certain behaviors (e.g., How often does your parent let you know they care about you?). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Always) how much they agree with several statements related to how often they engage in certain behaviors (e.g., How often do you let your child know you care about them?). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

The parent questionnaire asks, "I feel that someone else would do a better job teaching my child about sex and relationships." Parents respond to this question on a 4-point scale [Strongly disagree - Strongly agree]. Lower scores indicate more disagreement with the statement.

Parent questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about sex and romantic relationships (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about sex and relationships. (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Participant views a print advertisement and parent questionnaire asks, "How complete is the information in this advertisement?" Participants respond to this question on a 5-point scale [Incomplete-Complete]. Lower scores represent a better outcome.

Participant views a print advertisement and child questionnaire asks, "How complete is the information in this advertisement?" Participants respond to this question on a 5-point scale [Incomplete-Complete]. Lower scores represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in several restrictive mediation behaviors related to media use and rules. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in several restrictive mediation behaviors related to media use and rules. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

The child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Very unwilling - 4=Very willing) their willingness to engage in unprotected sexual activity. Lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participant to indicate their extent of agreement or disagreement on a 4-point scale [strongly disagree - strongly agree] with several statements about teen contraception us (e.g., condoms should always be used if a teen has sex.) Higher score indicates more favorable outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate "Before deciding to have sex, how likely would you be to talk to your doctor or other medical professional?" Participants indicate their likelihood on a 4-point scale [1=Not at all likely; 2=Unlikely; 3=Likely; 4=Very likely]. Higher score indicates a more favorable outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate their level of agreement on a 4-point scale [Strongly disagree - Strongly agree] to several statements about sexual communication (e.g., Before deciding to have sex, I believe teens should talk with their partner about pregnancy.). Higher scores indicate more favorable outcome.

Youth reported on their perceptions of their parent's permissiveness regarding their sexual activity (five items; 4-point Likert scale; Strongly disagree to Strongly agree; α=.76). Sample items include "My parent would approve of my having sex at this time in my life." Higher values indicate that the youth believes their parent is more permissive of their sexual activity as a teen.

Youth reported on the proportion of teens they believe are engaging in sexual behavior: "What percentage of teens are having sex? [(0% (no teens) to 100% (all teens)]."

Parent questionnaire asked parents to report about the media rules in their family, "Does your family have rules about media use? (one item; Yes, No, Unsure).

Child questionnaire asked child to report about the media rules in their family, "Does your family have rules about media use? (one item; Yes, No, Unsure). Participants selected either 'Yes,' 'No,' or 'Unsure' (no and unsure were combined for analyses).

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1 =not at all important - 4=very important) how important they think it is to engage in parent-child communication about several relationship and sexual health topics (e.g., reasons to wait to have sex). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=not at all comfortable - 4=very comfortable) how comfortable they are engaging in parent-child communication about several relationship and sexual health topics (e.g., reasons to wait to have sex). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about communicating with their child about sex (e.g., It would embarrass me to talk about sex and birth control with my child). Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about the outcomes of communicating with their child about sex (e.g., I will feel proud). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to report on a 7-point scale (1=not sure at all - 7=completely sure) how sure they are that they can explain to their child about several relationship and sexual health topics (e.g., how pregnancy happens). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to parent-child communication (e.g., My child and I can talk about almost anything.) Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to parent-child communication (e.g., My parent and I can talk about almost anything.) Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently they consume various media (e.g., Think about your average week. How often do you watch television shows?), and the sexual content of the media they consume (e.g., How would you rate the amount of sexual content in the television shows you watch? No sexual content, A little sexual content, Some sexual content, A lot of sexual content). Lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 5-point scale (1=Never; 2=Rarely; 3=Sometimes; 4=Often; 5=Always) how often they have experienced several online situations (e.g., been exposed to sexual content online). Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

The child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale how likely it is that they will engage in sexual activity (e.g., How likely is it that you will have sex in the next year?) (1=Not likely at all, 2=Unlikely, 3=Likely, 4=Very likely) Participant's responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

The child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Very unwilling - 4=Very willing) their willingness to engage in sexual activity if they were not sure that they wanted to. Lower values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in evaluative media mediation related to media use and rules. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in several evaluative mediation behaviors related to media use and rules.Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about teen sex. Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to abstaining from sexual activity. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements related to contraception. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Always) how much they agree with several statements related to how often their parent engages in certain behaviors (e.g., How often does your parent let you know they care about you?). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to indicate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Always) how much they agree with several statements related to how often they engage in certain behaviors (e.g., How often do you let your child know you care about them?). Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

The parent questionnaire asks, "I feel that someone else would do a better job teaching my child about sex and relationships." Parents respond to this question on a 4-point scale [Strongly disagree - Strongly agree]. Lower scores indicate more disagreement with the statement.

Parent questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about sex and romantic relationships (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaires ask participants how frequently they engage in parent-child communication about sex and relationships. (1. Never; 2. Rarely; 3. Sometimes; 4. Often). Higher numbers represent a better outcome.

Participant views a print advertisement and parent questionnaire asks, "How complete is the information in this advertisement?" Participants respond to this question on a 5-point scale [Incomplete-Complete]. Lower scores represent a better outcome.

Participant views a print advertisement and child questionnaire asks, "How complete is the information in this advertisement?" Participants respond to this question on a 5-point scale [Incomplete-Complete]. Lower scores represent a better outcome.

Parent questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in several restrictive mediation behaviors related to media use and rules. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to rate on a 4-point scale (1=Never - 4=Often) how frequently the parent engages in several restrictive mediation behaviors related to media use and rules. Item responses will be averaged, and higher values represent a better outcome.

The child questionnaire asks participants to report on a 4-point scale (1=Very unwilling - 4=Very willing) their willingness to engage in unprotected sexual activity. Lower values represent a better outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participant to indicate their extent of agreement or disagreement on a 4-point scale [strongly disagree - strongly agree] with several statements about teen contraception us (e.g., condoms should always be used if a teen has sex.) Higher score indicates more favorable outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate "Before deciding to have sex, how likely would you be to talk to your doctor or other medical professional?" Participants indicate their likelihood on a 4-point scale [1=Not at all likely; 2=Unlikely; 3=Likely; 4=Very likely]. Higher score indicates a more favorable outcome.

Child questionnaire asks participants to indicate their level of agreement on a 4-point scale [Strongly disagree - Strongly agree] to several statements about sexual communication (e.g., Before deciding to have sex, I believe teens should talk with their partner about pregnancy.). Higher scores indicate more favorable outcome.

Youth reported on their perceptions of their parent's permissiveness regarding their sexual activity (five items; 4-point Likert scale; Strongly disagree to Strongly agree; α=.76). Sample items include "My parent would approve of my having sex at this time in my life." Higher values indicate that the youth believes their parent is more permissive of their sexual activity as a teen.

Youth reported on the proportion of teens they believe are engaging in sexual behavior: "What percentage of teens are having sex? [(0% (no teens) to 100% (all teens)]."

Parent questionnaire asked parents to report about the media rules in their family, "Does your family have rules about media use? (one item; Yes, No, Unsure).

Child questionnaire asked child to report about the media rules in their family, "Does your family have rules about media use? (one item; Yes, No, Unsure). Participants selected either 'Yes,' 'No,' or 'Unsure' (no and unsure were combined for analyses).

Parent questionnaire asks participants on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly disagree - 4=Strongly agree) how much they agree with several statements about media. Item responses will be averaged, and lower values represent a better outcome.