Biomechanical and Functional Effects of Adding Sensory-Threshold Electrical Stimulation to Neurodevelopmental Therapy in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Arm Repeated-Measures Study

This study is a single-arm, sequential, repeated-measures investigation conducted in children with spastic cerebral palsy. The purpose is to examine biomechanical and functional changes associated with adding sensory-level electrical stimulation to an individualized neurodevelopmental treatment program.

All participants complete a 12-week rehabilitation program with assessments at three time points: baseline (week 0), after Phase 1 (week 6), and after Phase 2 (week 12). During Phase 1, participants receive individualized neurodevelopmental treatment as routine care, 2 days per week for 60 minutes per session. During Phase 2, sensory-level electrical stimulation is added as an adjunct to the ongoing neurodevelopmental treatment and is delivered 3 times per week for 30 minutes per session. Sensory-level stimulation is applied without eliciting visible muscle contraction and is intended to increase sensory afferent input.

The primary outcome is ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. Secondary outcomes include inversion and eversion range of motion, spasticity measures, muscle mechanical properties, and functional outcomes including mobility and independence in daily activities. Assessments are performed at all three study visits to evaluate change over time across the intervention phases.

The study is designed to explore feasibility and preliminary clinical change patterns associated with this combined rehabilitation approach. Because the study does not include a concurrent control group, the findings are intended to provide preliminary evidence to inform future randomized controlled trials.

Inclusion criteria

• Children aged 5 to 15 years
• Diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy
• Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I or II
• Ability to understand simple verbal instructions
• Parent or legal guardian able and willing to provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Clinically relevant sensory deficits that could affect stimulation perception or outcome assessments
• Uncontrolled epileptic seizures
• Severe perceptual or cognitive problems preventing cooperation
• Significant visual or hearing impairment
• GMFCS level III or higher
• Botulinum toxin injection or orthopedic surgery within the previous 6 months
• Fixed ankle contracture or severe musculoskeletal deformity limiting range of motion