Biological Age Predicts 90-Day Mortality in Advanced Cancer

This retrospective study evaluates whether biological age, calculated using the PhenoAge model, predicts short-term outcomes in patients with advanced cancer who were hospitalized. The main goal is to investigate associations between biological age and short-term mortality, functional status (ECOG), comorbidity burden (mCCI), and length of hospital stay. All data were collected from medical records without any patient intervention.

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Key information

Conditions

Advanced Solid Tumors Cancer Hospitalizations

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

Etlik City Hospital

Ankara, Yenimahalle, 06210, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

This is a retrospective observational study including hospitalized adult patients with stage III or IV solid tumors admitted to Etlik City Hospital between November 5, 2022 and December 31, 2024. Patients were included if they stayed for ≥48 hours and had all required laboratory values for calculating biological age using the Levine PhenoAge model. The study aimed to evaluate the association between biological age and (1) 30- and 90-day mortality, (2) ECOG performance score, (3) modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI), and (4) hospital length of stay. Regression and survival analyses were used to identify prognostic factors. All data were anonymized and collected retrospectively from hospital records.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Hospitalized in the Medical Oncology Department between November 5, 2022, and December 31, 2024

Histologically confirmed advanced-stage (stage III-IV) solid tumors

Age ≥18 years

Hospital stay of at least 48 hours

Actively receiving chemotherapy or received it within the last 6 months

Availability of all 9 required laboratory tests (albumin, creatinine, glucose, CRP, lymphocyte %, MCV, RDW, ALP, WBC) for PhenoAge calculation during the first admission

Patients with multiple hospitalizations who meet the inclusion criteria will be included

Exclusion criteria

Elective hospitalizations (e.g., planned chemotherapy, biopsy)

Patients who died during the first admission

Missing required laboratory parameters

ICU patients and unconscious patients

Treatment and study plan

PhenoAge-Based Biological Age Assessment

Other

Biological age was retrospectively calculated using the PhenoAge algorithm, based on nine routine laboratory parameters and chronological age. This model estimates phenotypic aging and was used to predict short-term outcomes including mortality, functional status, comorbidity burden, and hospital length of stay. No new intervention was administered; all data were collected from existing medical records.

Primary outcomes

90-Day All-Cause Mortality

Time frame: Up to 90 days post-admission

All-cause mortality within 90 days following the date of hospital admission (index hospitalization).

Secondary outcomes

Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI)

Time frame: Baseline (Day of hospital admission)

The Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI) is a validated scoring system used to quantify comorbidity burden. It includes 19 comorbid conditions with weighted values and incorporates age adjustment. Scores range from 0 to 33. In this study, age points are added only for patients aged 50 years and above: +1 point for ages 50-59, +2 for 60-69, +3 for 70-79, and +4 for ≥80.

Higher mCCI scores indicate greater comorbidity burden and are associated with poorer clinical outcomes. The score is calculated retrospectively from documented diagnoses in the medical records at baseline.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Ankara Etlik City Hospital

Other Gov

Registry information

Official study title

Biological Age as a Prognostic Marker in Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis Based on PhenoAge Model

Acronym: BIOAGE-CAN

Important dates

Study start: 2022
Primary completion: 2024
Study completion: 2024
First posted: Jun 25, 2025
Registry last updated: Jun 29, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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