Biofeedback Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease

Score of Berg Balance Scale assessed at the specified time frame, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Berg Balance Scale rates balance from 0 (cannot perform) to 4 (normal performance) on 14 items exploring the ability to sit, stand, lean, turn and maintain the upright position on one leg. Maximum score (i.e. 56 points) indicates unimpaired balance.

Score of 10-meter Walk Test assessed at the specified time frame, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

10-meter Walk Test measures, with a stopwatch, the time (T) taken by the subject to walk between two lines at the distance of 10 meters. Walking speed is thus computed as 10/T (m/s). Both comfortable and fast gait speed can be measured. In the present study only comfortable gait speed was assessed.

Score of Berga Balance Scale assessed at the specified time frame, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Score of 10-meter Walk Test assessed at the specified time frame, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Score of UPDRS-III assessed at the specified time frames, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Score of Timed Up and Go test assessed at the specified time frames, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Timed Up and Go test is a mobility test evaluating the time taken by the subject to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, walk back to the chair and sit down.

Score of ABC assessed at the specified time frames, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale is a questionnaire through which the subject rates his/her perceived level of confidence while performing 16 daily living activities. Scores range from 0% (not confident) to 100 % (completely confident).

Score of FOGQ assessed at the specified time frames, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Freezing Of Gait Questionnaire evaluates freezing severity with a 6-item interview. Each item is rated on a 5-point ordinal scale from 0 (absence of freezing) to 4 (severe freezing).

Score of PDQ-39 assessed at the specified time frames, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 is a 39-item, self-report questionnaire, which assesses Parkinson's disease-specific health related quality of life over the last month. Scores are from 0 to 100, with 100 representing maximum level of problems.

TSQ-WT consists in six areas (Benefit, Usability, Self-concept, Privacy and loss of control, Quality of life, and Wearing comfort) that evaluate the satisfaction of the subject with the wearable part of a system. Each area includes 5 statements rated by the user on a 5-pint Likert scale between 0 (strongly disagree with the statement) and 4 (strongly agree with the statement). In the present study, only Benefit, Usability and Wearing Comfort areas were administered. TSQ-WT was administered to the Gamepad Group only.

Sway AP and ML assessed at the specified time frames, adjusted for baseline score through ANCOVA procedure.

Subjects were tested for 30 seconds during upright standing on a stabilometric force platform in four sensory conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, eyes open with foam pads under feet, and eyes closed with foam pads under feet. Center of Pressure (CoP) sway in AP and ML directions was computed as the standard deviation of the time-course of AP and ML CoP displacements recorded by the platform.