Bioavailability of Vitamin D(25(OH)D) and Omega-3 Fatty Acid (DHA) Enhanced Chicken

The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines advocate intake of lean proteins (such as chicken and fish) while limiting intake of saturated fat. Chicken contains similar protein to beef or pork but has less saturated fat. However, chicken, like other terrestrial meats, has little omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and relatively little vitamin D. Vitamin D insufficiency is common in the US and globally, and has been linked to a number of adverse health outcomes. Vitamin D is ingested primarily from fortified dairy products, but recent animal studies have increased the D content of pork and beef, and the DHA content of chicken and of eggs produced from bioenhanced chickens. Moreover, sunlight exposure alone can enhance the 25(OH)D content of chicken. Notably, supplemental 25(OH)D is more effective than vitamin D at improving vitamin D status in humans, but little is known about the bioavailability of 25(OH)D or DHA/EPA enhanced chicken (muscle) or in enhanced eggs produced from supplemented chickens.

Inclusion criteria

• healthy adults
• Non-smoking
• Age between 18- 35 yo
• Females: premenopausal and not pregnant or lactating
• Body mass index (BMI) between 18 - 30 kg/m2.
• No preexisting medical complications (such as eating disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, malabsorption diseases, or taking medications known to influence iron homeostasis)

Exclusion criteria

• BMI <18 or > 30 kg/m2,
• Age <18 y or > 50y,
• Smoking
• Pregnancy, lactating
• Have gastrointestinal disorders/malabsorption diseases/dietary restrictions/medication use of medications known to impact DHA/EPA or Vitamin D 25(OH)D absorption
• Take vitamin and mineral supplementations