Bilateral Comparison of Unilateral Sacral Neuromodulation Test Stimulation in the Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder

A preoperative voiding diary (including daily voiding frequency, secondary voiding volume, urgency score, and daily urinary incontinence episodes) and urodynamic findings were recorded as baseline reference. Participants underwent bilateral sacral nerve stimulation (BNS) and were randomly assigned to either group A or group B (1:1). In group A, unilateral stimulation was performed followed by bilateral stimulation, and in group B, bilateral stimulation was performed followed by unilateral stimulation. Voiding diary and urodynamic examination results were recorded during the whole test treatment period, and the improvement of voiding symptoms (frequency, urgency, urge urinary incontinence, etc.) was analyzed during each stimulation period.

Baseline data of all study participants were collected at the time of enrollment:

• basic information of patients, including age, gender, history of smoking and alcohol, spinal cord lesions, lower urinary tract dysfunction symptoms, and medication history;
• Standardized 72-hour voiding diary, including catheterization time, fluid intake and time, incontinence time and 24-hour pad weight test;
• Standardized 72-hour defecation diary, indicating stool characteristics and incontinence time;
• list of currently used drugs;
• Neurogenic bladder symptom score (NBSS);
• The 12-item short form Health Survey (SF-12);
• neurogenic bowel dysfunction score (NBDS);
• Visual Analogue Scale (VAS score);
• urinary ultrasound;
• baseline urodynamic examination;
• Renal function test. Follow-up or repeat visits occurred 7, 16, and 25 days after enrollment.

(1) A standardized 72-hour voiding diary was collected at each visit, indicating the time of catheter insertion, fluid intake and timing, incontinence duration, and 24-hour pad weight test; (2) Standardized 72-hour defecation diary, indicating stool characteristics and incontinence time; (3) list of currently used drugs; (4) Neurogenic bladder symptom score (NBSS); (5) The 12-item short form health Survey (SF-12); (6) Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score (NBDS); (7) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS score); (8) Urinary tract infection and adverse events. Participants were followed up at 12 months for ultrasound, urodynamic studies, and/or renal function tests.

Inclusion criteria

• age ≥16 years old;
• The nerve injury was incomplete injury below grade B, which was diagnosed as neurogenic bladder;
• Overactive bladder with and/or low compliance bladder (overactive bladder was defined as detrusor contraction during filling, increased intravesical pressure, and early emptying before maximum bladder capacity was reached; Low compliance bladder was defined as loss of the ability to relax during bladder filling, progressive increase of bladder pressure, early emptying of bladder pressure increased, ≤20ml/cmH20).
• Intermittent catheterization (CIC) can be performed by themselves or CIC can be performed by nursing staff;
• the patient's physical condition is stable and can be discharged for treatment;
• Participants voluntarily participated in the clinical study, and they provided written informed consent before the study began

Exclusion criteria

• Patients can not perform intermittent catheterization (CIC) by themselves and there is no nursing staff to perform CIC;
• a history of progressive neurological disorders;
• abnormal autonomic reflexes;
• pregnant, lactating women, women of childbearing age who plan to become pregnant during the study period, or who do not use safe contraception;
• patients with mental and cognitive impairment who are unable to cooperate with surgery and programming;
• patients have coagulopathy or need anticoagulant therapy and cannot stop the treatment;
• any serious complications or illnesses that may prevent the patient from participating in or increase the patient's risk of undergoing a surgical procedure;
• Participants who participated in other clinical trials within 3 months before screening, which may have affected the study results;
• other conditions considered by the investigator to be inappropriate for study participation.