Ball Exercises and Stereotypic Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-behavioral disorder associated with repetitive movements. The role of physical therapist towards an autistic child is most neglected one. Therefore, the objective of this study was to see the effectiveness of different ball exercise on stereotypic behavior of children with ASD. Different ball exercises were implemented for 2 months, 3 sessions per week and every session consist of 35 minutes.

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Key information

Conditions

Autism Spectrum Disorder Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Mental Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Age range

4 year–16 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

The University of Faisalabad

Faisalābad, Punjab Province, 38000, Pakistan

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Children diagnosed with ASD through experts
Having recognized stereotypic behavior
Having Intellectual Deficit (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
Age ranging between 4-16 years
Consented to take part

Exclusion criteria

Having co-morbidities like schizophrenia and developmental delays
Severe cases of ASD
Showing aggressive behavior
Having disease of cardiovascular or respiratory system
Children unable to follow the command for exercise completely

Treatment and study plan

Ball Exercises

Procedure

Different ball exercises which include stability ball roll, stability ball hug, catching, throwing was performed. Along with these exercises, ball tapping exercise was also performed.

Primary outcomes

Stereotypic Behaviors

Time frame: Two months

Stereotypic behavior was the sole parameter assessed in this study using the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R), a well-established instrument known for its strong reliability and validity. The RBS-R was employed to evaluate self-stimulatory behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This 43-item questionnaire is organized into six distinct subscales, each targeting a specific dimension of repetitive behavior.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Faisalabad

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Effectiveness of Ball Exercises on the Stereotypic Behavior of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Important dates

Study start: 2025
Primary completion: 2025
Study completion: 2025
First posted: Sep 16, 2021
Registry last updated: Aug 3, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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Completed