Balance Confidence and Kinesiophobia in Parkinson's Disease

Evaluated using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale-6 (ABC-6), which measures participants' confidence in maintaining balance during various daily activities. Lower scores indicate reduced balance confidence, a common issue in Parkinson's disease.

In the ABC-6 scale, the minimum score is 0% (no confidence), the maximum score is 100% (full confidence), and the total score is calculated as the average of the percentages given for all activities.

Assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to quantify participants' overall balance performance through functional balance tasks. Lower scores reflect greater balance impairment. In the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the minimum score is 0 (indicating poor balance), and the maximum score is 56 (indicating excellent balance). The total score is the sum of the individual scores from 14 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4).

Measured using the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), which evaluates fear of falling during specific activities. Higher scores indicate a greater fear of falling, often linked to reduced mobility and participation.

In the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), the minimum score is 10 (indicating no fear of falling), and the maximum score is 100 (indicating extreme fear of falling). The score is calculated by summing the ratings for 10 items, each scored on a 1-10 scale.

Assessed with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) to measure fear of movement or re-injury. Higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia, potentially limiting physical activity in Parkinson's patients.

In the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), the minimum score is 17 (indicating low kinesiophobia), and the maximum score is 68 (indicating high kinesiophobia). The total score is obtained by summing the ratings for 17 items, each scored on a 1-4 scale.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) evaluates cognitive function, including orientation, memory, attention, language, and visuospatial skills, with scores ranging from 0 (severe cognitive impairment) to 30 (normal cognitive function).

The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) assesses functional status and disease severity in Parkinson's disease, encompassing non-motor and motor experiences of daily living, motor examination, and motor complications. The total score ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 260 (severe symptoms), with higher scores indicating greater disease severity.