Balance and Motion Coordination Parameters Can be Improved in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

It is estimated that by the end of 2017 year, there will be 462 millions of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type II (DMII), what is about 6% of world population (4,4% between 15 and 49 years of age, 15% between 50 and 69 years and 22% of patients older than 70 years). It is predicted that by the beginning of 2030, number of cases on 100000 people will grow from 6059 up to 7079. There are studies proving that cardiovascular complications related to the diabetes are responsible for 4 millions of deaths annually. The newest epidemiological data suggest that growing number of DMII cases is no longer a problem in developed countries but also affects developing ones. As potential risk factors, well proved in the literature authors reported alcoholism, nicotinism, high body-mass index (BMI) and positive family history. It is therefore anticipated that the prevalence of one of its common complications, a diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), will increase as well. It is broadly recognized that a DPN leads to a decrement in distal lower limb sensory function; however, there is also a neuropathy-related decrease in distal motor function, even among those with relatively mild diabetic disease. It is well proven in the literature, that diabetes mellitus influences negatively function of peripheral nervous system by damaging sensory fibers. A high risk of falls has been reported in the diabetic population, with an overall incidence of 1.25 falls/person-year.It was proven that short-period strength and balance exercises do not improves diabetic patients quality of life However they have positive influence on the functional outcome of those people. Influence of DMII on motion system is not limited only to the peripheral nervous system. It also affects structures of cerebrum such as: cerebral cortex, cerebellum or basal nuclei. DMII affects motor and somatosensory cerebral atrophy what leads to changes in projection tracts associated with them. In cerebellum it affects on the vermis and parts of lobes responsible for receiving impulses from the spinal cord and controlling proximal parts of muscles, which are crucial for movement coordination during gait. Disorders caused by DMII in basal nuclei result in longer response time and slower gait velocity. Together with pharmacological and dietary interventions, exercise interventions including resistance training, represent the cornerstones of type 2 diabetes management. In addition to the beneficial effects of exercise interventions on glycemic control and on the cardiovascular risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes, physical exercise is an effective intervention to improve muscle strength, power output, cardiovascular function and functional capacity in elderly diabetic patients. In elderly diabetics with severe functional decline, multicomponent exercise programs composed of resistance, endurance, balance and gait retraining should be employed to increase functional capacity and quality of life and to avoid disability and falls. The aim of the study was to evaluate balance and motor coordination parameters in patients treated for type 2 diabetes who received biofeedback-equivalent training using the Biodex dynamometric platform.

Inclusion criteria

• willingness to participate in the study
• age over 65
• diagnosed type 2 diabetes, subjected to pharmacological treatment (study group)
• no type 2 diabetes (control group)

Exclusion criteria

• unwillingness to participate in the study
• age below 65 years
• surgical intervention in the lower limbs or spine during the last 6 months
• symptoms of osteoarthritis or pain of another origin around the lower limbs or spine
• rheumatic diseases (eg. rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis)
• diagnosed neuromuscular disease
• strongly manifested imbalances due to impairment of central or peripheral nervous system
• neurological disorders with dizziness, nystagmus, dermatologic or profound (cerebrospinal syndrome, dizziness, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, etc.).