Autism Biomarker Consortium for Clinical Trials (ABC-CT): Follow-up Study

All participants who were initially eligible for the main study will be eligible and invited to return regardless of their participation at T2/T3 or current medication/psychiatric status using an intent-to-treat model. The follow-up study will conduct one additional timepoint with participants who enrolled in the main study.

In the Follow-up Study of the Main Study ABC-CT cohort, the investigators will re-administer the biomarker and clinical batteries 2-5 years after original study enrollment. This will allow the investigators to:

• Assess long-term stability of the markers, extending the analyses of reliability and consistency from the first phase of the consortium.
• Perform a more robust assessment of sensitivity to change, taking advantage of a longer developmental window in which participants are expected to exhibit greater clinical progression.
• Evaluate the longitudinal predictive value of the biomarkers by examining the association of their baseline values with later measures of social function.

Inclusion criteria

For All Subjects:

• Males and Females Age 6 - 11 (<11:5 at timepoint #1 unless all study procedures will be completed before the participant turns 12.0 and prior approval by the Principal Investigator is obtained).
• Written parental consent obtained prior to any study procedures.
• Participant and parent/guardian must be English speaking.

For TD Participants:

• IQ 80-150 as assessed by the Differential Ability Scales (DAS)- 2nd Edition

For ASD Participants:

• Diagnosis of ASD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2), and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, short form (ADI-R). Diagnostic evaluations will be completed by research staff and supervised by a licensed psychologist.
• IQ 60-150 as assessed by the Differential Ability Scales (DAS)- 2nd Edition
• If parents are biological, a minimum of the child and one parent (if accompanying the child at study visits) will be required to participate in the blood draw procedure. It is preferred that the child and both biological parents participate in the blood draw procedure, but the inability to obtain blood samples from trios will not be exclusionary.

Exclusion criteria

For All Subjects:

• Known genetic or neurological syndrome with established link to autism (in addition to ASD for ASD participants), but not events in which the link to ASD is less well known/established (e.g., 16p11.2 CNVs, CHD8 mutations, Trisomy 21, 22q deletion syndrome)
• History of epilepsy or seizure disorder (except for history of simple febrile seizures or if the child is seizure free (regardless of seizure type) for the past year).
• Motor or sensory impairment that would interfere with the valid completion of study measures including significant hearing or vision impairment not correctable by a hearing aid or glasses/contact lenses. Children who wear bifocal or progressive lenses are not eligible.
• Medication is not exclusionary. Children taking neurological or psychiatric medications, including anti epileptics and psychopharmacological agents, must be stable on the medication and dose for 8 weeks prior to T1D1.
• History of significant prenatal/perinatal/birth injury (birth <36 weeks AND weight <2000 grams (approximately 4.5lbs)).
• History of neonatal brain damage. (e.g., with diagnoses hypoxic or ischemic event)
• Any other factor that the investigator feels would make assessment or measurement performance invalid.

For ASD Participants:

• Any known environmental circumstances that is likely to account for the picture of autism in the proband (severe nutritional or psychological deprivation etc.)

For TDs Participants:

• Known historical diagnosis of ASD or a sibling with ASD.
• Active psychiatric disorder (depression, anxiety, ADHD, etc.) and/or any current treatment (medication or other treatment) for a psychiatric condition. Participants will be screened using the Child/Adolescent Symptom Inventory (CASI-5). Due to the measurements sensitivity, any score in the clinical range will be reviewed by research staff for determination of eligibility.