Astaxanthin, Exercise Inflammation, Skin Health

RESEARCH PROCEDURES The research procedures will be conducted at the Human Performance Laboratory (Room 1201, Plants for Human Health Institute Building, 600 Laureate Way), operated by Appalachian State University at the North Carolina Research Campus (NCRC) in Kannapolis, NC. Subjects will come to the Human Performance Lab (HPL) for orientation/baseline testing with pre-supplementation blood sample collections, two 2.25 h running sessions, and additional lab visits to provide 1-day 7:00 am recovery blood samples) (thus 6 total performance lab visits). Skin health measurements will occur the morning before and during Performance Lab Visits #1, 2, 4, 5 (thus 8 total visits, with four of them occurring with HPL visits and four of them occurring separately). The total amount of time subjects will be asked to volunteer for this study is about 16 hours at the North Carolina Research Campus (over a 10-week period).

Orientation/Baseline Testing (Performance Lab Visit #1) Four weeks prior to the first 2.25 h running session, subjects will report to the Human Performance Laboratory at approximately 7:00-8:30 am. Skin health measurements will be conducted the day before (following review of the consent form, with signing) and the day of baseline testing. Following the second skin health measurement, demographic and training histories will be acquired with questionnaires. A symptom inventory will be conducted using a 4-week retrospective questionnaire. Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) will be assessed with standardized questionnaires. A blood sample will be collected in an overnight fasted state to coincide with the same time of the day for the post-supplementation blood draw. Body composition will be measured with the seca BIA and Bod Pod body composition analyzer (Life Measurement, Concord, CA). Study participants will be tested for maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) during a graded, treadmill test with the Cosmed CPET metabolic device (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Supplements for the 4-week supplementation period will be supplied in food supplement trays to facilitate compliance to the supplementation protocol. 3-day food records and the food list will be supplied with thorough instructions (for the 3-day period prior to the 2.25 hour treadmill running sessions).

4-Week Supplementation Periods Study participants will be randomized to astaxanthin and placebo groups, with supplements ingested daily (with the first meal) for 4-weeks prior to participation in the first 2.25 h running session. To assess potential adverse effects, a symptom inventory will be conducted using a 4-week retrospective questionnaire before and after the 4-week supplementation period. After a 2-week washout period, participants will repeat all procedures using the counterbalanced supplement. The astaxanthin and placebo supplements will look identical and be supplied by the sponsor. The astaxanthin capsule will contain 8 mg of astaxanthin from freshwater algae in starch beadlets, and the placebo capsules will contain just the starch beadlets with natural red coloring from the pitaya fruit. Four ounces of sockeye salmon contains about 4.5 milligrams of astaxanthin, with much higher levels in arctic shrimp and krill. Natural astaxanthin is sold around the world as a natural antioxidant supplement with a recommended dosage of 4 mg to 12 mg a day. LycoRed sources astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, a freshwater algae species of Chlorophyta from the family Haematococcaceae. This species is well known for its high content of the strong antioxidant astaxanthin, which is important in aquaculture, and cosmetics.

2.25 h Running Session (Performance Lab Visit #2, Skin Health Tests #3, #4) During the 3-day period prior to the 2.25 h running session, subjects will taper exercise training and ingest a moderate-carbohydrate diet using a food list restricting high fat foods, visible fats, and polyphenols. Subjects will record all food and beverage intake during the 3-day period, with macro- and micro-nutrient intake assessed using the Food Processor dietary analysis software system (ESHA Research, Salem, OR).

Skin health measurements will be conducted the day before and the day of the running session (#3, #4) (overnight fasted state). Study participants will report to the Human Performance Lab in an overnight fasted state, take the skin health tests, provide a blood sample, ingest astaxanthin or the placebo supplement with water, then run 2.25 h at high intensity (70% VO2max) while ingesting water alone (3 ml/kg every 15 minutes). Blood samples will be collected at 0 h, 1.5 h, 3 h, and 21 h post-exercise.

2-WEEKS WASHOUT, CROSSOVER, REPEAT Subjects will engage in a 2-week washout period without supplements, crossover, and then repeat all procedures (Skin tests #4 through #8; Performance Lab visits #4,5,6). NOTE: Subjects randomized during the first trial to astaxanthin will have 6 weeks of washout when counting the 4-week placebo period.

Inclusion criteria

• Male or female, ages 18-57 years.
• Non-smoker.
• Capable of running 2.25 h on laboratory treadmills at 70% VO2max (close to marathon race pace).
• Agree to train normally, maintain weight, and avoid the regular use of large-dose vitamin and mineral supplements, herbs, and medications that influence inflammation and immune function (especially Advil, Motrin, aspirin, and similar anti-inflammatory drugs) for the duration of the 10-week study. (Review supplement and medication use with the Research Manager during orientation).
• Agree to taper exercise training prior to each of the two lab running sessions (as if preparing for a race).
• Willing to avoid astaxanthin supplements (other than what is provided) and natural sources of astaxanthin including algae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp and crayfish during the 10-week study.
• Categorized as "low risk" using the American College of Sports Medicine screening questionnaire.
• Generally healthy and without chronic disease including cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart disease, stroke), cancer, type 1 and 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis.

Exclusion criteria

• Inability to comply with study requirements.
• Body weight below 110 pounds.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Any other concurrent condition which, in the opinion of the primary investigator (PI), would preclude participation in this study or interfere with compliance.
• Current diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or cancer (except for non-melanoma skin cancer).
• History of allergic reactions to astaxanthin.
• Using drugs with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (Proscar, Propecia, Avodart, Jalyn).