Association Between a Healthy Lifestyle Behavior and Musculoskeletal Pain

Primary outcomes

1. Neck pain (in the last 30 days)

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   The presence of neck pain in the last 30 days will be determined using closed questions on pain location, pain intensity, pain-related disability, pain etiology, and pain duration.

2. Low back pain (in the last 30 days)

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   The presence of low back pain in the last 30 days will be determined using closed questions on pain location, pain intensity, pain-related disability, pain etiology, and pain duration.

3. Temporomandibular pain (in the last 30 days)

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   The presence of temporomandibular pain in the last 30 days will be determined using the "Temporo-Mandibular Disorders Pain Screener DC-TMD" questionnaire (which consists of 3 questions designed to screen for the presence of temporomandibular pain in the last 30 days) and closed questions on pain-related disability.

4. Multisite pain (in the last 30 days)

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   The presence of multisite pain in the last 30 days will be determined by the presence of more than one musculoskeletal pain in the last 30 days.

5. Tobacco consumption

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   Tobacco consumption will be assessed through closed questions about the past and current smoking use, but also about passive smoking. Participants will be separated into 5 groups : daily smokers, occasional smokers, ex-smokers, passive smokers, and non smokers. Only non smokers and non passive smokers will be considered "healthy".

6. Sleep quality

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   Sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The PSQI is a self-report questionnaire that consists of 19 items related to sleep habits within the past month and 7 clinically relevant domains of sleep difficulties: subjective sleep quality; sleep latency; sleep duration; sleep efficiency; sleep disturbances; use of sleep medication; and daytime dysfunction. Its score ranges from 0 to 21, and a total score > 5 is used to indicate poor sleepers. Participants with a score less than or equal to 5 will be considered "healthy".

7. Physical activity

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   Physical activity will be assessed using the European Health Interview Survey - Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ). The EHIS-PAQ is a self-report questionnaire that aims to evaluate how far the population is physically active and assesses PA during work, transportation, leisure time, sports, health-enhancing, and muscle-strengthening activities over a typical week. Participants will be considered "healthy" if they perform leisure-time or sports physical activity at least 150 minutes at moderate intensity or 75 minutes at high intensity per week (or a combination of these intensities), and strength training of the major muscles groups at least 2 days per week.

8. Consumption of fruits and vegetables

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables will be assessed by asking participants the amount of servings of fruits and vegetables they eat daily. Participants will be considered "healthy" if they consume 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day (e.g., at least 500g/day).

9. Perceived stress

   Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

   Perceived stress will be assessed using the "Perceived Stress Scale - 10 items" (PSS-10). PSS-10 assesses the imbalance between the individual's perception of the constraints of his environment and his perception of his own ability to cope with them. PSS-10 is a self-report questionnaire of 10 items, in which people are asked to rate on a 5-point scale the extent to which they experienced each of the listed feelings and thoughts, in the past month (from "never" to "very often"). Participants with a total PSS-10 score between 0 and 13 ("low stress") will be considered "healthy".

10. Body mass index

    Time frame: Baseline (at the time of completing the questionnaire)

    Body Mass Index (BMI) will be assessed by asking participants about their height and weight. Height and weight will be combined to calculate the BMI : weight/height² (kg/m²). Participants with a BMI between 18.5 kg/m² and less than 25 kg/m² will be considered "healthy" (normal weight).