Assessment of NeuroBOX and NeuroPAP in Infants.

Inclusion criteria

For premature infants group:

• Preterm infants born at a gestational age (GA) between 25 weeks (+0/7 days) and 34 weeks inclusively
• With post-birth age : > 2 days (for birth GA >28 weeks) or > 6 days (GA <28weeks) and < 4 months
• on non-invasive support, including CPAP, NIPPV, or NAVA, with settings in the following range : Maximal inspiratory pressure (total, including PEEP) ≤ 20 cmH2O, and PEEP between 4 and 9 cmH2O, and FiO2 < 50%

For bronchiolitis group:

• Infants with a weight < 5kg and a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis.
• on non-invasive support, including CPAP, NIPPV, or NAVA with settings in the range: Delivered inspiratory pressure (total, including PEEP) ≤ 20 cmH2O and PEEP: 5-9 cmH2O, and FiO2 <60 %
• With persisting respiratory failure: presence of at least one of the following criteria:

• Respiratory rate > 50 /min
• Symptoms of respiratory distress: mWCAS > 3
• FiO2 > 30% -
• Inspiratory Edi consistently > 15 µV

Exclusion criteria

for both premature infants and bronchiolitis groups

• Suspected or proven pneumothorax;
• Patient on high-flow nasal cannula or on NAVA;
• Contra-indications to the placement of a new nasogastric tube (e.g. severe coagulation disorder, malformation or recent surgery in cervical, nasopharyngeal or esophageal regions);
• Hemodynamic instability requiring inotropes;
• Severe respiratory instability requiring imminent intubation according to the attending physician, or FiO2 > 50% to achieve a SpO2>90%, or PaCO2 > 75 mmHg on the last blood gas;
• Patient for whom a limitation of life support treatments is discussed or decided;
• Refusal by the treating physician;
• Refusal by the parents or legal guardians.