Assessment of Drug-eluting Ureteral Stent on Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation

Inclusion criteria

• Patients who undergo ureteroscopy for any reason and require a ureteral stent post-operatively as determined by the surgeon (e.g. renal obstruction, ureteral edema, ureteral perforation, large stone fragments to pass, following ureteral dilation, ureteral trauma, solitary kidney, or any other reason left to the discretion of the surgeon).
• Patients undergoing extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) who will require a stent as determined by the treating urologist (e.g. solitary kidney, ureteral stone > 1 cm, renal stone > 1.5 cm, significant renal obstruction, history of pyelonephritis, or any other reason left to the discretion of the surgeon).
• Patients who have or are going to have chronic ureteral stents, for any reason.
• Patients willing to return to St. Joseph's Hospital's Urology Clinic for follow-up.

Exclusion criteria

• Age ≤ 17 years
• Patients unable to consent.
• Any patient requiring endocarditis or prosthetic device prophylaxis (e.g. fresh arthroplasty etc.).
• Pregnant females
• Immunocompromised patients
• Significant urinary symptoms (urgency, dysuria, strangury, hematuria) or other bladder pathology that may cause these symptoms (e.g. interstitial cystitis)
• Anyone in the investigator's opinion that would be unsuitable.