Assessing Construction Execution Under Sleep Impairment

Number of eligible participants who enroll in the study.

Proportion of eligible participants who enroll and complete all scheduled study visits.

Proportion of participants able to complete repeated VR tasks and physiologic monitoring without early discontinuation due to discomfort, cybersickness, or adverse symptoms.

Proportion of planned VR task sessions and physiologic recordings successfully completed with usable data.

Number of times participants revisit or request task instructions during construction-related VR tasks.

Time (seconds) required for participants to resume task engagement following an interruption or distraction during VR tasks.

Time required to complete construction-related VR tasks.

Movement efficiency metrics during VR tasks, including the number of movements required to manipulate objects or complete task objectives.

Controller interaction characteristics during VR tasks, including grip engagement and input patterns.

Gaze behavior during VR tasks assessed via eye tracking, including fixation duration and spatial distribution of gaze points.

The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) with responses 1 (Extremely alert) to 10 (Extremely sleepy, can't keep awake) will assess subjective sleepiness

Positive affect assessed using the Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The Positive Affect subscale consists of 10 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely), with total scores ranging from 10 to 50. Higher scores indicate greater positive affect.

Negative affect assessed using the Negative Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The Negative Affect subscale consists of 10 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely), with total scores ranging from 10 to 50. Higher scores indicate greater negative affect.

Mood disturbance assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The POMS evaluates multiple mood domains (e.g., tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor, fatigue, confusion). A Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score is calculated by summing negative mood subscales and subtracting the vigor score. TMD scores typically range from approximately -20 to 100, depending on the version used. Higher scores indicate greater overall mood disturbance, while lower or negative scores indicate more favorable mood states.

Assessed using the high frequency power (HF) of the HRV power spectrum (collected from cleaned ECG using Kubios) to estimate cardiac parasympathetic activity as modulated by respiratory sinus arrhythmia during the time of seated rest noted above (but first 5 minutes consistent with field standards).

Will be measured beat-to-beat using a non-invasive device employing the volume-clamp method with hydrostatic correction with measures on alternating fingers every 15 min (NIBP).

Will be measured beat-to-beat using a non-invasive device employing the volume-clamp method with hydrostatic correction with measures on alternating fingers every 15 min (NIBP).

Continuously assessed using galvanic skin response (GSR) electrodes attached to a fully isolated low voltage amplifier (AD Instruments Ltd). GSR electrodes will be attached to the distal phalange of the index and middle fingers of the non-dominant hand via supplied Velcro tape.