Asenapine in the Treatment of Older Adults With Bipolar Disorder

The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum score is 52. A higher score implies a worse condition.

The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum score is 60. A higher score implies a worse condition.

The minimum possible score is 1 and the maximum score is 7. A higher score implies a worse condition.

The CGI-BP has three scores - Mania Severity, Depression Severity, and Overall Bipolar Illness Severity.

The minimum possible score is 1 and the maximum score is 99. A higher score implies a better perceived condition.

The minimum possible score is 1 and the maximum score is 99. A higher score implies a better perceived condition.

The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum score is 60. A higher score implies a worse condition.

The minimum possible score is 18 and the maximum score is 126. A higher score implies a worse condition.

The Stroop evaluates patients for cognitive functioning. Patients are to read words aloud or name colors as quickly as possible in a 45-second period. The measure contains three tasks, each associated with a subscale as follows: Word, Color, and Color-Word. Each subscale contains 100 items. The raw score range for each of the subscales is 0-100. Each raw subscale score is converted to a T-Score. The possible T-Score range for the Word subscale is 15 to 85. The possible T-Score range for the Color subscale is 8 to 92. The possible T-Score range for the Color-Word subscale is 3 to 98. Higher scores on the subscales indicate better cognitive functioning. Subscales are scored independently and are not added to produce a total score.

The Trails test is a measure of cognitive functioning. The measure consists of two parts: A and B. In part A, participants are asked to draw a trail connecting a series of numbers in sequential order. In Part B, participants are asked to draw a trail connecting a combination of letters and numbers. The time taken to complete each task is noted as the score (e.g., 78 seconds). For Trails A, there is no upper limit on the score, as subjects are given as much time as is needed for them to complete the task. Higher scores indicate poorer cognitive functioning. In Trails B, the task is timed with an upper limit of five minutes. If, at four minutes, it is determined that the subject will not likely complete the task in the time allotted, then the task can be called off. Higher scores indicate poorer cognitive functioning.

Evaluates cognitive functioning across domains: recall, delayed recall, retention, recognition (each scored separately). The scores given are titled: recall score, delayed recall score, retention score, recognition discrimination index. Total Recall score = items correctly recalled (0-36). Delayed Recall score = items correctly recalled following delay (0-12). Retention score = percent items recalled that were also recalled after delay (0-100). The Recognition Discrimination score = true positives minus false positives (0-12). Recall task has 12 words and involves to recall of words after all of them are read aloud to the patient. Delayed recall tasks involves the same twelve words, except recall is tasked after a 20-25 minute delay. Recognition task has 24 words. Patient evaluated on how many from original list he or she is able to recognize. Higher scores = better outcomes.

Total recall scores appear in this entry below.

The DRS contains items that evaluate cognitive function across 5 subscales: attention, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization, and memory. Subscale raw score ranges are: attention (0-37), initiation/perseveration (0-37), construction (0-6), conceptualization (0-39), and memory (0-25). Raw subscale scores are added for a total raw score with range 0-144. For each raw subscale score, scaled scores are looked up from a battery of 13 tables. Age of the participant determines which table is to be used. Total raw subscale score also has its own scaled score in the tables. In addition to use in determining scaled scores for each of the subscales, these tables are used to look up the scaled score for the total raw score. The tables are contained in the article Robust and Expanded Norms for the Dementia Rating Scale (Pedraza, Lucas, et al. 2010); Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25; 347-358. Higher scores, raw and scaled, indicate better cognitive functioning.

The WHO-DAS II is used to assess patients for difficulties that they experience due to health conditions. Six subscales are represented which cover the following domains: Getting Around (range 1-10), Self Care (range 1-10), Life Activities (range 1-20), Understand/Communicate (range 1-10), Participation in Society (range 1-10), and Getting Along with People (range 1-10). Lower scores represent more positive outcomes, while higher scores represent worse outcomes. Total summary scores were not computed for our analyses and is optional for the measure.

This scale is used to measure the presence of akathisia, as may result from use of certain psychotropic medications. The scale contains four items and the score for each item is added to produce the total score. Total scores range from 0 to 14. Higher scores indicate more adverse outcomes.

The Simpson-Angus Scale is used to monitor for neurological and musculoskeletal side effects that may be a result of certain psychotropic medications. The scale consists of 10 questions which each can be rated on a scale of 0 to 4. Scores for each item are added to produce a total score. The highest possible total score is 40. Higher scores indicate more adverse outcomes.

Evaluates cognitive functioning across domains: recall, delayed recall, retention, recognition (each scored separately). The scores given are titled: recall score, delayed recall score, retention score, recognition discrimination index. Total Recall score = items correctly recalled (0-12). Delayed Recall score = items correctly recalled following delay (0-12). Retention score = percent items recalled that were also recalled after delay (0-100). The Recognition Discrimination score = true positives minus false positives (0-12). Recall task has 12 words and involves to recall of words after all of them are read aloud to the patient. Delayed recall tasks involves the same twelve words, except recall is tasked after a 20-25 minute delay. Recognition task has 24 words. Patient evaluated on how many from original list he or she is able to recognize. Higher scores = better outcomes.

Delayed recall scores appear in this entry below.

Evaluates cognitive functioning across domains: recall, delayed recall, retention, recognition (each scored separately). The scores given are titled: recall score, delayed recall score, retention score, recognition discrimination index. Total Recall score = items correctly recalled (0-12). Delayed Recall score = items correctly recalled following delay (0-12). Retention score = percent items recalled that were also recalled after delay (0-100). The Recognition Discrimination score = true positives minus false positives (0-12). Recall task has 12 words and involves to recall of words after all of them are read aloud to the patient. Delayed recall tasks involves the same twelve words, except recall is tasked after a 20-25 minute delay. Recognition task has 24 words. Patient evaluated on how many from original list he or she is able to recognize. Higher scores = better outcomes.

Retention scores appear in this entry below.

Evaluates cognitive functioning across domains: recall, delayed recall, retention, recognition (each scored separately). The scores given are titled: recall score, delayed recall score, retention score, recognition discrimination index. Total Recall score = items correctly recalled (0-12). Delayed Recall score = items correctly recalled following delay (0-12). Retention score = percent items recalled that were also recalled after delay (0-100). The Recognition Discrimination score = true positives minus false positives (0-12). Recall task has 12 words and involves to recall of words after all of them are read aloud to the patient. Delayed recall tasks involves the same twelve words, except recall is tasked after a 20-25 minute delay. Recognition task has 24 words. Patient evaluated on how many from original list he or she is able to recognize. Higher scores = better outcomes.

Recognition Discrimination Index appears in this entry below