Artificial Intelligence-Based Postural Feedback for Scoliosis

The REEDCO Posture Assessment was used to evaluate postural scores during comfortable standing and postural self-correction.

A scoliometer was used to evaluate the angle of trunk rotation during Adam's Forward Bend Test.

A 3D motion analysis system (VICON Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) was used to evaluate postural variables during comfortable standing, postural self-correction, and the Adam's Forward Bend Test.

A PAViR system (MGsolutions Inc., Seoul, South Korea) was used to evaluate postural variables during comfortable standing, postural self-correction, and the Adam's Forward Bend Test.

The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-B) was an accurate and valid assessment tool to measure and monitor illness perceptions. It consisted of nine items rated on a scale from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). The first five assessed cognitive perceptions such as the effect on life (item 1); duration of illness (item 2); control over illness (item 3); beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment (item 4); and experience of symptoms (item 5). Items 6 and 8 assessed emotional aspects, which included concern about the illness and a multifaceted question about mood. Item 7 assessed the degree of understanding of the illness. The final item was open-ended, asking respondents to rank the three most important factors causing their illness.

The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) was a 19-item questionnaire that measured the stages of the self-determination continuum with respect to motivation to exercise using a 5-point Likert scale (0 = not true for me, 4 = very true for me) and was modified by Markland and Tobin. The version by Markland and Tobin added an amotivation factor to the original external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic regulation factors.