Appropriate Opioid Quantities for Acute Pain - Pharmacist Study

The proposed intervention is designed to implement and evaluate a pharmacist-led intervention to promote dispensing appropriate doses and quantities of opioids for acute pain at the initial prescription stage. This would include patients discharged from hospital post-surgery, following emergency room visits, after dental procedures, and patients visiting primary care prescribers. Thus it will capture a wide spectrum of prescribing. This study focuses on incorporating into routine pharmacy practice the assessment and adjustment of opioid doses and quantities for the treatment of acute pain to appropriate levels. Pharmacists in Ontario are able to reduce the quantities of prescriptions with the agreement of the patient. The remainder of the prescription quantity can remain active to be filled subsequently if needed. By implementing the option of part-fills for prescriptions with higher quantities, this intervention does allow patients to access more analgesia if their pain management requires it.

Project Objectives

• To develop, test, optimize and implement an intervention in 5 randomly selected regions in Ontario to promote pharmacist-led practices to limit initial quantities of opioid prescriptions to appropriate levels for the treatment of acute pain. The intervention components include a pharmacist a training program, patient engagement tools and prescriber engagement communication.
• To measure pharmacist uptake of the intervention.
• To compare initial prescription opioid quantities and daily doses in the intervention regions to 10 matched control regions.

This is a prospective, cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating a 6-month pharmacy practice intervention to limit initial doses and quantities of opioid prescriptions to appropriate levels for the treatment of acute pain. The intervention components include a pharmacist a training program, patient engagement tools and prescriber engagement communication. The development of the intervention was informed by the systematic approach described by French and colleagues (2012) for behaviour change interventions implementing evidence into practice. The 5 eLearning modules (15-20 minutes each) and the patient communication tools (patient handout and pharmacy poster) have undergone usability testing using a human factors research approach prior to finalization. The intervention will be implemented in 5 public health unit regions in Ontario randomly selected along with 10 matched (1:2) control public health unit regions. All community pharmacists in the intervention regions will be invited to undertake the eLearning program to promote the specific practice change related to opioid quantities. The primary outcome measure will be the quantities of opioids dispensed to patients receiving initial prescriptions for the treatment of acute pain. Analyses will be at the cluster level in which quantities dispensed will be compared both between intervention and control public health unit regions after 6 months, and before and after implementation within intervention sites.

Inclusion criteria

• Any pharmacist working in a community pharmacy in the intervention regions.
• Any patient seeking to fill an opioid prescription for acute pain at a pharmacy in the intervention regions.

Exclusion criteria

• None