Antibiotic Instillation in Appendicitis

Appendicitis is one of the most common surgical diagnoses in the pediatric population and the most common surgical emergency in children. In complex appendicitis, the sequelae have progressed beyond the confines of the organ, and have led to purulent fluid in the intra-abdominal space, spillage of intestinal contents, or gross perforation of the appendix. Complicated appendicitis occurs in up to 20% of cases and is associated with a much higher morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have shown that local treatment of peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters with intra-peritoneal antibiotics has had significant improvement of outcomes. The intra-peritoneal route is preferable as compared to oral and intravenous antibiotic administration due to elevated local levels of the antibiotic above the minimum inhibitory concentration while avoiding venipuncture and systemic side effects. There is minimal risk associated with involvement in this study given that the investigators will be screening for any history of allergies to penicillin or cephalosporins, and excluding these patients. Ceftriaxone is commercially available, has a low risk profile, and is generally well tolerated with minimal side effects.

The investigators' treatment period will include a one-time intra-operative dose of intra-peritoneal ceftriaxone (or an appropriate second or third generation cephalosporin to be designated at the discretion of the institutional Antibiotic Stewardship committee should ceftriaxone be unavailable). Typical dosing strategies for intra-peritoneal ceftriaxone administration occur on a daily basis, so the investigators' treatment period will also include the 24 hours following intra-peritoneal administration of ceftriaxone. All patients diagnosed with acute complicated appendicitis intra-operatively, and entered into the investigators' study, will also receive a minimum 48 hours of intravenous antibiotics as an inpatient, allowing for continued observation. The investigators will be treating pediatric patients who are intra-operatively diagnosed with complex appendicitis, as defined by any of the following: visible hole in the appendix, extra-luminal fecalith, diffuse fibropurulent exudate outside the right lower quadrant (RLQ)/pelvis, or intraperitoneal abscess. All patients will have been admitted to Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis prior to surgical intervention. Patients will then be randomized once diagnosed with complex appendicitis intra-operatively. Patients with allergies to penicillin or cephalosporins will be excluded pre-operatively, as well as patients who do not meet the weight requirement, are pregnant, being treated non-operatively, and those who have been intra-operatively diagnosed with simple appendicitis.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosed with acute appendicitis and are scheduled to undergo urgent appendectomy
• Between 3-18 years of age at time of appendectomy
• Has intraoperative findings of complex appendicitis defined by: visible hole in the appendix, extra-luminal fecalith, diffuse fibropurulent exudate outside the RLQ/pelvis, or intraperitoneal abscess
• Weighs equal to or greater than 20kg at time of surgery

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnant
• Has a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy that is severe or anaphylactic in nature, prohibiting the use of these antibiotics
• Has simple appendicitis
• Undergoes appendectomy following failed or planned medical management of appendicitis
• Has impaired renal function (CrCl <15mL/min)
• Has history of neurological conditions such as encephalopathy, seizures, myoclonus and non-convulsive status epilepticus
• Has a known inability to complete a 30-day postoperative follow up