Anterior Pituitary Hormone Replacement in Traumatic Brain Injury

Maximum Oxygen Uptake was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart.

Maximum Oxygen Uptake was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart.

Minute ventilation was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart.

Minute ventilation was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart.

Respiratory exchange ratio was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart.

Respiratory exchange ratio was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart.

Oxygen Pulse was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart. Oxygen pulse is calculated by dividing VO2 consumed (mL/min) by heart rate (beats/min) yielding mL/beat. This provides an estimate of cardiac stroke volume.

Oxygen Pulse was measured during cardiorespiratory testing using a modified Balke protocol with expired gases collected and analyzed by an automated metabolic cart. Oxygen pulse is calculated by dividing VO2 consumed (mL/min) by heart rate (beats/min) yielding mL/beat. This provides an estimate of cardiac stroke volume.

The California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) is a comprehensive assessment of verbal learning and memory. Subjects are read a list of 16 words. Total recall is a sum of all word list items correctly recalled immediately on learning trials 1 through 5. Data is reported as raw scores. Score range is 0 (lowest) to 80 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) is a comprehensive assessment of verbal learning and memory. Subjects are read a list of 16 words. Total recall is a sum of all word list items correctly recalled immediately on learning trials 1 through 5. Data is reported as raw scores. Score range is 0 (lowest) to 80 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) is a comprehensive assessment of verbal learning and memory. Subjects are read a list of 16 words. Delayed recall is a sum of all word list items correctly recalled after a 25 minute delay on learning trials 1 through 5. Data is reported as raw scores. Score range is 0 (lowest) to 80 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) is a comprehensive assessment of verbal learning and memory. Subjects are read a list of 16 words. Delayed recall is a sum of all word list items correctly recalled after a 25 minute delay on learning trials 1 through 5. Data is reported as raw scores. Score range is 0 (lowest) to 80 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test is measure of visual memory. The subject views a stimulus page with 6 shapes on it for 10 seconds. The subjects are then asked to draw as many figures as they remember in the correct locations as possible. Total recall is a measure of the subjects memory immediately after viewing the stimulus page. Data is reported as raw scores. Scores range from 0 (lowest) to 36 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test is measure of visual memory. The subject views a stimulus page with 6 shapes on it for 10 seconds. The subjects are then asked to draw as many figures as they remember in the correct locations as possible. Total recall is a measure of the subjects memory immediately after viewing the stimulus page. Data is reported as raw scores. Scores range from 0 (lowest) to 36 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test is measure of visual memory. The subject views a stimulus page with 6 shapes on it for 10 seconds. The subjects are then asked to draw as many figures as they remember in the correct locations as possible. The delayed recall is a measure of the subjects memory after a 25 minutes delay. The participants are asked to freely recall and again draw the six figures.Data is reported as raw scores. Scores range from 0 (lowest) to 36 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test is measure of visual memory. The subject views a stimulus page with 6 shapes on it for 10 seconds. The subjects are then asked to draw as many figures as they remember in the correct locations as possible. The delayed recall is a measure of the subjects memory after a 25 minutes delay. The participants are asked to freely recall and again draw the six figures.Data is reported as raw scores. Scores range from 0 (lowest) to 36 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

Digit Span; Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS III).

Digits Forward is a test of digit span (range = 3 to 9 digits) consisting of seven items (each with 2 trials). Digits Backward is a test of digit span (range = 3 to 9 digits); however the participant must provide the presented sequence in reverse order. The test consists of seven items (each with 2 trials). Total score is calculated by adding the scores from forward and backward. Data is reported as raw scores. Score ranges are 0 (lowest) to 32 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

Digit Span; Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS III). Digits Forward is a test of digit span (range = 3 to 9 digits) consisting of seven items (each with 2 trials). Digits Backward is a test of digit span (range = 3 to 9 digits); however the participant must provide the presented sequence in reverse order. The test consists of seven items (each with 2 trials). Total score is calculated by adding the scores from forward and backward. Data is reported as raw scores. Score ranges are 0 (lowest) to 32 (highest). A higher score indicates a better outcome.

Processing Speed Index is a subcategory of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). Processing speed refers to the speed of cognitive processes and response output.

This index is comprised of performances on two separate tests of visuomotor speed of information processing ability. On one test (Coding) participants refer to a key on top of a page to translate non-verbal symbols to an alpha-numeric digit. The participants then fill in boxes with the correct symbol assigned to a particular number. On the other test (Symbol Search) participants are asked to visually scan and mark items that are identical to one of two targets. If neither target is shown in the array the participant must mark out the work "NO". Total correct responses for both task within 120 seconds are recorded.

Ranges are 0 (lowest) to 150 (highest) with 100 being the normal average. A higher score indicates a better outcome.

Processing Speed Index is a subcategory of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). Processing speed refers to the speed of cognitive processes and response output.

This index is comprised of performances on two separate tests of visuomotor speed of information processing ability. On one test (Coding) participants refer to a key on top of a page to translate non-verbal symbols to an alpha-numeric digit. The participants then fill in boxes with the correct symbol assigned to a particular number. On the other test (Symbol Search) participants are asked to visually scan and mark items that are identical to one of two targets. If neither target is shown in the array the participant must mark out the work "NO". Total correct responses for both task within 120 seconds are recorded.

Ranges are 0 (lowest) to 150 (highest) with 100 being the normal average. A higher score indicates a better outcome.

Letter Fluency is a condition measured as part of the subcategory, Verbal Fluency, in the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Subjects are asked to name as many words as they can starting with a specified letter for 60 seconds. The words can not be names, places, numbers or grammatical variants of previous answers. Repeated answers are not scored as a correct response. There are 3 trials, with 3 different letters. The total number of correct responses is totaled for all 3 trials and a Letter Fluency Score is given. A higher score is considered better. There is no set range as the score depends on how many correct words the subject relays in the given time period.

Letter Fluency is a condition measured as part of the subcategory, Verbal Fluency, in the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Subjects are asked to name as many words as they can starting with a specified letter for 60 seconds. The words can not be names, places, numbers or grammatical variants of previous answers. Repeated answers are not scored as a correct response. There are 3 trials, with 3 different letters. The total number of correct responses is totaled for all 3 trials and a Letter Fluency Score is given. A higher score is considered better. There is no set range as the score depends on how many correct words the subject relays in the given time period.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is used to measure the severity of depression symptoms. The BDI-II contains 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. The standardized cutoffs are: 0-13: minimal depression; 14-19: mild; depression; 20-28: moderate depression; 29-63: severe depression.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is used to measure the severity of depression symptoms. The BDI-II contains 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. The standardized cutoffs are: 0-13: minimal depression; 14-19: mild; depression; 20-28: moderate depression; 29-63: severe depression.

Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is a measure of fatigue and how that fatigue interferes with life. It is a 9-item scale, with a range from 9 to 63, with a higher number indicating greater severity.

Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is a measure of fatigue and how that fatigue interferes with life. It is a 9-item scale, with a range from 9 to 63, with a higher number indicating greater severity.

Maximum torque production during isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles.

Maximum torque production during isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles.

Maximum torque production during maximal isokinetic contractions at 90 degrees per second.

Maximum torque production during maximal isokinetic contractions at 90 degrees per second.

Muscle fatigue is measured using repetitive isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 90 degrees per second. Each subject was asked to produce 40 contractions at full force. Data is presented as % of maximum torque at the 40th contraction in the fatigue protocol.

Muscle fatigue is measured using repetitive isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 90 degrees per second. Each subject was asked to produce 40 contractions at full force. Data is presented as % of maximum torque at the 40th contraction in the fatigue protocol.

Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA

Lean Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA

Lean Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA

Fat free mass is calculated from whole body scan measured using a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Fat free mass is calculated from whole body scan measured on a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Percent body fat is calculated from a whole body scan measured on a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Percent body fat is calculated from a whole body scan measured on a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Maximum torque production during isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles.

Maximum torque production during isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles.

Maximum torque production during maximal isokinetic contractions at 90 degrees per second.

Maximum torque production during maximal isokinetic contractions at 90 degrees per second.

Perceptual fatigue was measured before and directly after performing the muscle fatigue exercise protocol (40 continuous maximal force isokinetic knee extensions at 90 degress per second). Subjects were asked to rate their fatigue on a scale of 0-10 with 0 being no fatigue at all and 10 being extreme fatigue. Data is presented as change in fatigue rating induced by exercise testing.

Perceptual fatigue was measured before and directly after performing the muscle fatigue exercise protocol (40 continuous maximal force isokinetic knee extensions at 90 degress per second). Subjects were asked to rate their fatigue on a scale of 0-10 with 0 being no fatigue at all and 10 being extreme fatigue. Data is presented as change in fatigue rating induced by exercise testing.

Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA

Lean Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Lean Body mass was calculated from whole body scan taken using a GE Lunar iDEXA

Fat free mass is calculated from whole body scan measured using a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Fat free mass is calculated from whole body scan measured on a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Percent body fat is calculated from a whole body scan measured on a GE Lunar iDEXA.

Percent body fat is calculated from a whole body scan measured on a GE Lunar iDEXA.