Analgesic Effect of Intrathecal Morphine Combined With Low Dose Local Anesthetics on Postoperative Analgesia After Liver Resection

All patients enrolled in the current study will receive intrathecal injections immediately prior to general anesthesia. The patient will be on his or her side in the fetal position and after palpating the back to secure the space between the 3rd and 4th lumbar spine, the area will be properly disinfected and draped with a sterile towel. Using a 25G needle, a small volume of 1% lidocaine will be injected at the proposed puncture site. For the control group, 2ml of 1% lidocaine will be injected subcutaneously with the 25G needle used during local anesthetic injection. For the morphine group and the morphine + bupivacaine group, a 25G pencil point spinal needle will be used to advance into the intrathecal space. After confirming intrathecal position of the needle by CSF regurgitation, morphine 400mg or morphine 400mcg+ bupivacaine 5mg each to a total volume of 2ml will be injected. Afterwards, all patients will undergo general anesthesia by the same method.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 19 years to no upper limit
• Patients receiving liver resection under general anesthesia (Including open surgery and laparoscopic surgery)
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1,2

Exclusion criteria

• Patients presenting with coagulopathy prior to surgery
• Patients with neurological deficits
• Patients with spinal anomaly or disorders
• Patients with allergies to opioids or local anesthetics
• Patients with severe respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic disorders
• Severe systemic infection or infections involving proposed intrathecal injection site
• Patients with severe psychological disorders severe that may interfere with pain evaluation
• Patients with chronic diseases that require opioids