An Open-Label Study of the Effect of Bardoxolone Methyl on the Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin and Rosuvastatin in Healthy Volunteers

Subjects in Cohort 1 will receive a single dose of digoxin (0.5 mg) on Study Day 1, an initial dose of bardoxolone methyl (60 mg) and a single dose of digoxin (0.5 mg) on Study Day 10, and once daily doses of bardoxolone methyl (20 mg) on Study Days 11 through 14. Subjects in Cohort 2 will receive a single dose of rosuvastatin (20 mg) on Study Day 1, an initial dose of bardoxolone methyl (60 mg) and a single dose of rosuvastatin (20 mg) on Study Day 10, and once daily doses of bardoxolone methyl (20 mg) on Study Days 11 through 14. All doses will be given in the morning under fasting conditions. Bardoxolone methyl and the probe substrates (digoxin, rosuvastatin) will be dosed at the same time. Confinement will begin on Study Day -1 (Study Day before the first dosing day) and end after the collection of the 216 hour blood samples and scheduled study procedures on Study Day 19.

Inclusion criteria

• Male or female subjects between 18 and 45 years, inclusive;
• Willing to practice a method of birth control (both males who have partners of childbearing potential and females of childbearing potential) during screening, while taking study drug, and for at least 30 days after the last dose of study drug is ingested;
• Body mass index (BMI) between 19 and 31 kg/m2, inclusive;
• Willing and able to give written informed consent for study participation;
• Willing and able to cooperate with all aspects of the protocol.

Exclusion criteria

• Participated in another clinical trial of an investigational drug (or medical device) within 30 days before Study Day -1, or are currently participating in another trial of an investigational drug (or medical device);
• Any condition possibly affecting absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of drugs that may confound the analyses conducted in this study (for example: previous surgery on the gastrointestinal tract that includes removal of parts of stomach, bowel, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, venacaval shunts, or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts);
• Known hypersensitivity to any component in the formulation of bardoxolone methyl, LANOXIN®, or CRESTOR®;
• Evidence or history of or concurrent clinically significant allergic (except for untreated, asymptomatic, seasonal allergies at time of dose administration), hematological, endocrine, immunological, renal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, psychiatric, or neurological disease that in the judgment of the investigator could potentially either pose a health risk to the subject during the study or influence the study outcome;
• Evidence of hepatic or biliary dysfunction including elevation of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), or alkaline phosphatase levels to greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN);
• Positive test results for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or 2 antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, or hepatitis C virus antibody at screening;
• Any medical or dental procedure, no matter how minor, that is planned or anticipated to occur during the conduct of the study;
• History of alcohol abuse or dependence within the last year;
• Any vaccination within 30 days before start of this study and throughout the study;
• Use of aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, or acetaminophen within 5 days before Study Day 1; use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (but not acetaminophen) will be allowed for isolated episodes of pain at the discretion of the investigator;
• Use of or need for any systemic drug(s) including vitamins or herbal preparations other than drugs used for contraception, within 30 days before entry into the study or during the study;
• Donation or receipt of blood or blood components within the 4 weeks before Study Day -1, The investigator should instruct subjects who participate in this study not to donate blood or blood components for 4 weeks after the completion of the study;
• Any diagnostic or intervention procedure requiring a contrast agent within the 30 days before study participation;
• Systolic blood pressure > 140mmHg or < 100mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure >95 mmHg at screening measured after 5 minutes in a sitting position;
• A pulse rate at rest in a sitting position of < 50 bpm or > 100 bpm;
• Abnormal screening ECG (including a QTcF interval of >450 ms) which is interpreted by the investigator to be clinically significant, or any clinical evidence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, intermittent complete heart block, second degree heart block or prolonged PR interval of ≥ 200 msec on the 12-lead ECG;
• Use of tobacco- or nicotine-containing products (that is, cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, snuff, etc) or products for smoking cessation within 2 weeks before Study Day -1;
• Consumed alcohol or xanthine-containing products (e.g., tea, coffee, chocolate, cola, etc.) within 72 hours before Study Day -1;
• Treated with any investigational agent within 30 days before Study Day -1, 5 half-lives or twice the duration of biological effect of the previous investigational drug (whichever is longer);
• A history of drug abuse or who test positive for drug(s) of abuse (ethanol, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, cocaine, opiates, or cannabinoids) or cotinine (indicating active current smoking) at the screening or Study Day -1;
• Female subjects who are planning a pregnancy or are pregnant or lactating;
• Deemed by the investigator to be inappropriate for this study, including subjects who are unable to communicate with the investigator due to language problems, poor mental development, or impaired cerebral function.