An MRI-Based Study of Intelligent Pathological Subtyping and Grading of Renal Tumors

Renal tumors include multiple benign and malignant pathological subtypes with substantial differences in biological behavior, treatment strategy, and prognosis. Surgical planning and clinical management are closely related to the pathological subtype and histological grade of the tumor. However, accurately determining these pathological characteristics before surgery using conventional MRI interpretation remains challenging.

This is a retrospective + prospective, observational, and non-interventional study. Adult patients with renal tumors will be identified from existing clinical records. Eligible patients will have available renal MRI examinations and corresponding pathological diagnoses, including pathological subtype and, when applicable, histological grade. Cases with unreadable MRI data or images of insufficient quality for analysis will be excluded.

Existing study data will include multisequence MRI examinations, such as T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient imaging, fat-suppressed imaging, and contrast-enhanced imaging, when available. Demographic information, relevant clinical history, laboratory results, and radiology report information may also be collected. Pathological findings will serve as the reference standard for model training and evaluation. All data will be de-identified before processing and analysis.

The study will develop artificial intelligence models for the following tasks:

• Detection and localization of renal tumors on multisequence MRI.
• Segmentation of renal tumors and extraction of quantitative imaging features.
• Classification of common benign and malignant renal tumor subtypes.
• Identification of rare pathological subtypes using small-sample or cross-modal learning methods.
• Prediction of histological grade for malignant renal tumors.
• Integration of MRI, demographic, clinical, and laboratory information to improve pathological subtyping and grading.

The dataset will be divided into model-development and validation datasets. Additional cases collected from different time periods or participating sources may be used for independent testing. Model performance will be evaluated by comparing artificial intelligence predictions with pathological diagnoses.

This study does not assign any treatment or diagnostic intervention. It will not affect participants' routine clinical care and will not require additional imaging examinations, blood collection, surgery, medication, or follow-up visits. The study is intended to develop an intelligent MRI-based diagnostic system that may support preoperative decision-making for patients with renal tumors.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients aged 18 years or older.
• Patients diagnosed with a renal tumor.
• Availability of preoperative renal magnetic resonance imaging examinations.
• Availability of a corresponding pathological diagnosis, including pathological subtype and, where applicable, histological grade.
• Magnetic resonance images that can be successfully retrieved and are of - - sufficient quality for image analysis.

Exclusion criteria

• Absence of renal magnetic resonance imaging data.
• Absence of a corresponding pathological diagnosis or insufficient pathological subtype or grading information.
• Magnetic resonance images that cannot be retrieved, opened, or read.
• Poor image quality that precludes reliable image annotation or artificial intelligence analysis.