An Efficacy and Safety Study for Tapentadol Extended Release (JNS024ER) in Chronic Pain Participants

Participants were asked to assess the average pain intensity on a 11-point NRS ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain imaginable) by selecting a number applicable to their pain on the scale. The mean pain intensity during the past 74 hours (3 days) was evaluated at Baseline and the mean pain intensity during the past 12 hours was evaluated at subsequent study visits.

Participants were asked to assess the average pain intensity on a 11-point NRS ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain imaginable) by selecting a number applicable to their pain on the scale. The mean pain intensity during the past 74 hours (3 days) was evaluated at Baseline and the mean pain intensity during the past 12 hours was evaluated at subsequent study visits.

Percentage of participants with improvement in mean NRS score by greater than or equal to 30 percent or 50 percent in the last week from Baseline were considered as responders. Participants were asked to assess the average pain intensity on a 11-point NRS ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain imaginable) by selecting a number applicable to their pain on the scale.

The PGIC is a 7-point scale that requires the participants to assess how much their illness has improved or worsened relative to a Baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. The response options are 1 = very much improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improve, 4 = no change, 5 = minimally worse, 6 = much worse, and 7 = very much worse.

Physician's Global Assessment Scale assesses the therapeutic efficacy (effectiveness) of the study drug for pain control on a 2-point scale of "effective" and "not effective".

BPI-sf is a self-evaluated pain assessment form consisting of 15 items (item 1 - presence of pain, item 2 - pain location, items 3 to 6 - pain severity, item 7 - status of pain treatment, item 8 - efficacy of pain treatment, and items 9a to 9g - interference of pain with daily life). Item 1 for presence of pain assesses the question: "Do you have any pain today other than everyday kinds of pain?" on a 2-point scale of "yes" or "no".

BPI-sf is a self-evaluated pain assessment form consisting of 15 items (item 1 - presence of pain, item 2 - pain location, items 3 to 6 - pain severity, item 7 - status of pain treatment, item 8 - efficacy of pain treatment, and items 9a to 9g - interference of pain with daily life). Item 8 for efficacy of pain treatment assesses number of participants with at least 50 percent pain relief during the last 24 hours on a scale ranging from 0 percent (no relief) to 100 percent (complete relief).

BPI-sf consists of 15 items (item 1 - presence of pain, item 2 - pain location, items 3 to 6 - pain severity, item 7 - status of pain treatment, item 8 - efficacy of pain treatment, and items 9a to 9g - interference of pain with daily life). Total score is defined as the mean scores from items 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 recorded on an 11-point scale where 0 = no pain and 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine. Negative change indicates an improvement in pain.

Sleep Latency was addressed by the question: "How long after bedtime/lights out did you fall asleep last night?" and the change from Baseline in sleep latency was reported. Decrease in time indicated improvement.

Time slept was addressed by the question: "How long did you sleep last night?" and the change from Baseline in time slept was reported.

Number of awakenings was addressed by the question: "How many times did you wake up during the night?'' and lesser number signified better sleep.

Overall quality of sleep was addressed by the question: "Please rate the overall quality of your sleep last night" and participants could choose one of the following options: excellent, good, fair or poor.

SF-36v2 is 36-item form related to 8 health concepts (physical functioning, role physical, role emotional, general health, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality, mental health) and 2 summary scores (physical and mental component summary). Physical functioning, role physical and bodily pain contribute to physical component; role emotional, social functioning and mental health contribute to mental component; and social functioning, vitality, and general health contribute to both. All scores are based on a scale from 0 to 100, with higher scores defining more favorable health state.

WOMAC is a self administered 24-item questionnaire used to evaluate participants with osteoarthritis of the knee. It consists of 3 subscales: pain (5 items), joint stiffness (2 items), and physical function (17 items). Each item is assessed on a 5-point scale from 0 to 4. The global score assesses pain, disability and joint stiffness and ranges from 0 to 96. Higher scores indicate that a symptom is bothersome and physically disabling.

RDQ scale is used to assess the impact of low back pain on daily activities by participants. The scale consists of 24 item questionnaire with options as "Yes"/"No" where "Yes" is counted as 1 point. The total score ranged from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater disability.

COWS is an 11-item questionnaire for clinical assessment of withdrawal symptoms. Total score is calculated by adding the scores of all the 11-items. The severity of withdrawal symptoms is categorized using values of total score as: 0-4 = no withdrawal, 5-12 = mild, 13-24 = moderate, 25-36 = moderately severe, and 37-48 = severe withdrawal.