Alleviating Burden of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in the Emergency Department

Quantitative metric of an individual's pain on a numerical scale. Scores range from 0 - 100, where 0 means no pain and 100 means maximum pain.

1-30 = mild 31-69 = moderate 70-100 = severe MCID of 12 point change [60].

Quantitative metric asking 17 questions using a 4-point Likert scale regarding a participant's fear and avoidance of movement. Scores range from 17 to 68, where 17 means no kinesiophobia and higher scores indicate increasing severity of kinesiophobia. Scores ≥ 37 indicate kinesiophobia. MCID of 7.5-9 points [61].

13-item quantitative metric assessing participant's catastrophic thinking about their pain experience, contributing to rumination, magnification, and learned helplessness. Utilizes 4-item scale to assess frequency of particular thoughts, 0 = not at all to 4 = all the time. Total score ranges from 0 - 52. Score ≥ 30 indicates catastrophizing.

MCID of 11 points for those considered to be engaging in catastrophic thinking (baseline score >30 points) [62].

Assesses impact of pain on participant's function by identification of difficult or unable to perform activities. 11-point Likert scale ranks participant's current level of difficulty for each activity (0 = unable to perform, 10 = able to perform activity at same level before injury or problem).

Assess improvement in function of valued activities post intervention. MCID is categorized:

Small change = 1.3 Medium change = 2.3 Large change = 2.7 [63].

Assesses participants perception of their leisure time activities. Describe your exercise and physical exertion in leisure time. If your activity varies much, for example between summer and winter, then give an average. The question refers only to the last year.

Four different levels:

"Reading, watching TV, or other sedentary activity," "Walking, cycling, or other forms of exercise at least 4 hours a week (here including walking or cycling to place of work, Sunday walking, etc.)," "Participation in recreational sports, heavy gardening, etc. (note: duration of activity at least 4 hours a week)" and "Participation in hard training or sports competitions, regularly several times a week." 4 levels renamed: "inactive," "low," "moderate," and "vigorous," respectively [65]

A health-related quality of life survey assessing eight dimensions: physical function, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitation due to emotional problems, and mental health. Scores for each dimension range from 0 (worst level of functioning) to 100 (best level of functioning). Total sore MCID of 4.6 points [64].

Exercise assessment through 3 questions on frequency, duration, and intensity, where the respondents will be asked to estimate their weekly average. Frequency question: "How often do you exercise (i.e., walking, skiing, swimming or training/sports)?" Duration question: "For how long (time) do you exercise?" Intensity question "If you exercise-how hard do you exercise?"

Frequency categories:

"never", "less than once a week", "once a week", "2 to 3 times a week", or "approximately every day".

Duration categories:

"less than 15 minutes", "15 to 29 minutes", "30 to 60 minutes", or "more than 1 hour."

Intensity categories:

"Easy-you do not become short-winded or sweaty", "You become short-winded and sweaty", and "Hard-you become exhausted". Categorized as "low", "moderate", and "hard" respectively [65].

Assess occupational physical activity.

Question: "If you have paid or unpaid work, which statement describes your work best? Response categories:

"mostly sedentary work (e.g., office work)", "work that requires a lot of walking (e.g., shop assistant, light industrial work)", and "work that requires a lot of walking and lifting (e.g., nursing, construction, or heavy manual labor)".