The primary endpoint will include the assessment of:
- cognitive function;
- macular pigment optical density;
- inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, β-amyloid);
- blood estrogen concentration;
- levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF);
- the abundance of selected gut bacterial populations and β-glucuronidase activity;
- polymorphisms in genes associated with lutein metabolism and transport.
The secondary endpoint will include the assessment of:
- cardiometabolic parameters (lipid profile: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides; fasting glucose and insulin);
- concentrations of gut microbiota metabolites in feces (short-chain fatty acids; SCFAs);
- anthropometric parameters and bone mineral density;
- arterial blood pressure.
At the screening stage, a brief Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) will be administered to ensure the inclusion of participants who do not exhibit symptoms of dementia.
Follow-up visits will be conducted at four-week intervals. Anthropometric parameters (body weight, waist circumference, and body composition) will be measured at each follow-up visit. Cognitive function will be assessed using selected standardized tests from the CNS Vital Signs battery before the initiation and after completion of the intervention.
Biochemical blood parameters, including inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10), insulin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), β-amyloid, lipid profile, glucose, and estrogen concentrations, will be measured before and after the intervention.
An additional 5 mL blood sample will be collected for the assessment of gene polymorphisms in CD36 (rs1761667) and BCO1 (rs6564851, rs12934922, rs7501331). Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and β-glucuronidase activity will also be assessed before and after the intervention.
Bacterial DNA will be isolated from stool samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the abundance of selected gut bacteria will subsequently be determined. The remaining biological material will be stored at -20°C (biobank) pending further analyses.
Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) will be assessed before and after the intervention using the computerized Macular Pigment Screener MPS II. In addition, prior to the intervention, participants will be required to complete a 24-hour urine collection for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) concentration. Adherence to supplementation recommendations and tolerance of the lutein supplement will be evaluated at each follow-up visit using a questionnaire.
The tested supplement will consist of capsules containing "Green Chlorella Prime" powder, manufactured by the French company Biorea. The company is authorized to produce dietary supplements in accordance with ISO 22000/FSSC and GMP+ standards. The FSSC 22000 certificate is an international food safety standard that protects both companies and consumer health. The supplement used in the study will contain lutein derived from Chlorella sorokiniana and will be produced using optimized technological processes to obtain a microalgal supplement with a high lutein content.
The study will be conducted in a double-blind manner; neither the participants nor the research staff conducting the assessments will be aware of group allocation. All participants will be instructed to take the prescribed dose daily for 180 days. Compliance with supplementation will be verified by measuring macular pigment optical density. Participants will be asked to record supplement intake and return empty packaging at each follow-up visit. Supplement tolerance will be assessed during each visit using a questionnaire.
Assessment of Cognitive Function Neuropsychological evaluation will be conducted before and after the intervention using the CNS Vital Signs clinical test battery, comprising seven tests assessing verbal memory, visual memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, processing speed, reaction time, executive functioning, and reasoning.
Assessment of Macular Pigment Optical Density Macular pigment optical density will be assessed before and after the intervention using the computerized Macular Pigment Screener MPS II.
Dietary Assessment Dietary intake will be evaluated before and after the intervention using the KomPAN questionnaire, supplemented by four 24-hour dietary recalls.
Nutritional Status Assessment Nutritional status assessment will include baseline determination and monitoring of selected anthropometric parameters (body weight, body composition including visceral adipose tissue, waist and hip circumference, bone density) as well as selected biochemical blood parameters.
Height will be measured using a medical stadiometer to the nearest 0.5 cm under standardized conditions. Body weight will be measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with participants standing barefoot in light clothing.
Body composition will be assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a safe and non-invasive method based on the differential attenuation of ionizing radiation by tissues of varying density. Fat mass (including visceral fat), lean mass, and bone mineral density will be measured.
Waist and hip circumferences will be measured using a non-elastic measuring tape according to standardized anatomical landmarks.
All anthropometric measurements and assessments of nutritional and dietary status will be conducted at the Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, at the Nutrition Research Center.
Biochemical Blood Parameters Among enrolled participants, the following biochemical blood parameters will be determined: fasting glucose and insulin; lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides); IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, β-amyloid; BDNF; and estrogen levels.
Blood samples will be collected by a qualified nurse at the Nutrition Research Center of the Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences. Blood will be drawn twice (before and after the intervention) from the antecubital vein in a fasting state into clot-activator tubes (18 mL + 5 mL for genotyping). Serum will be obtained by centrifugation. Insulin, inflammatory markers, β-amyloid, BDNF, and estrogens will be measured using ELISA assays, whereas glucose and lipid profile parameters will be analyzed using a Konelab biochemical analyzer. Biological material for further analyses will be stored at -80°C.
Genomic DNA Isolation Genomic DNA will be isolated from peripheral blood using commercial TaqMan assays. Genotyping will be performed using Real-Time PCR, combining PCR amplification with fluorescent probe detection to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms. An additional 5 mL of whole blood collected into EDTA tubes will be required for DNA isolation.
Determination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Urine Prior to the intervention, each participant will complete a 24-hour urine collection. BPA concentration will be determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (UPLC-DAD).
Determination of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Feces Participants will provide stool samples at baseline and at the final visit. Quantitative determination of SCFAs will be performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) at the Department of Bromatology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences.
Assessment of β-Glucuronidase Activity A portion of the stool sample will be homogenized in buffer solution, and β-glucuronidase activity will be determined based on the hydrolysis of a specific substrate to a fluorescent product, both before and after the six-month intervention.
Biobank Preparation and Microbiota Analysis Fresh bacterial DNA will be isolated from stool samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol and stored at -20°C for future in-depth microbiota analyses. The abundance of selected gut bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium longum, Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) will be determined by PCR.
Participants will be recruited through public advertisements inviting volunteers to participate in scientific research and will be enrolled after receiving detailed information regarding the study objectives, protocol, measurements performed, and study duration.
