Aldosterone and Vascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus

Recent human and animal studies suggest that activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by aldosterone, the final product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, causes microvascular damage, vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are unable to provide long-term aldosterone suppression. Therefore, we hypothesize that activation of the MR contributes to progression of vascular disease in patients with diabetes already using ACE inhibitor therapy.

Specific aims for this proposal are to determine in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and proteinuria, already receiving ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, the effects of an aldosterone receptor antagonist vs. hydrochlorothiazide on:

• Coronary microvascular function assessed by MRI perfusion reserve,
• Endothelial dysfunction assessed by brachial artery reactivity studies,
• Inflammation and cellular oxidative stress and injury, assessed by c-reactive protein (CRP), MCP-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).
• Proteinuria and whether there is a differential effect when a MR antagonist or HCTZ is added to the ACE inhibitor therapy.

This is a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study of men and women (21-64 years old) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and albuminuria (³30 mg/g creatinine). Participants will be randomized to a MR antagonist + placebo or HCTZ + potassium supplementation for 6 weeks. The MR antagonist arm will receive eplerenone 50 mg daily. The HCTZ arm will receive HCTZ 12.5 mg with potassium 10 Meq daily. Amlodipine 5 to 10 mg daily will be added during run phase to control blood pressure. Blood pressure goal is less than 130/80 mm Hg. There will be a 4-week washout period before the patients are crossed-over to the other study arm. MRI perfusion reserve, brachial artery reactivity, and blood samples will be obtained at the beginning and end of each treatment arm.

Inclusion criteria

Men and women (21-64 years old) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and albuminuria (over 30 mg/g creatinine).

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

include: (1) subjects without hypertension who have baseline systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg, (2) severe hypertension (blood pressure must be well-controlled on 3 antihypertensive agents or <150/100 mmHg on £2 antihypertensive agents), (3) ischemic changes on resting electrocardiogram, (4) clinical evidence of heart disease, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease, (5) significant cardiac arrhythmias, (6) aortic stenosis, (7) 2nd or 3rd degree atrio-ventricular block, sinus node disease, or symptomatic bradycardia, (8) bronchospastic lung disease with active wheezing, (9) known hypersensitivity to any of the study drugs, (10) any contraindication to MRI, (11) serum creatinine ³ 1.5 mg/dL, (12) serum potassium ³ 5.0 mmol/L, (13) current smoker, (14) Serum transaminases greater than twice the upper limit of normal, (15) a history of gout, (16) pregnancy, and (17) other active medical problems detected by examination or laboratory testing.