AI-driven Personalized Exercise Feedback Program on Exercise Adherence in Traumatic Brain Injury

Exercise adherence will be the primary outcome, defined as the percentage of participants completing at least five exercise sessions weekly over 12 weeks. Adherence will be objectively tracked using the Garmin Vivosmart 5, which monitors exercise duration and frequency. Range of adherence are 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher adherence.

Exercise adherence will be the primary outcome, defined as the percentage of participants completing at least five exercise sessions weekly over 12 weeks. Adherence will be objectively tracked using the Garmin Vivosmart 5, which monitors exercise duration and frequency. Range of adherence are 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher adherence.

Exercise adherence will be the primary outcome, defined as the percentage of participants completing at least five exercise sessions weekly over 12 weeks. Adherence will be objectively tracked using the Garmin Vivosmart 5, which monitors exercise duration and frequency. Range of adherence are 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher adherence.

Exercise adherence will be the primary outcome, defined as the percentage of participants completing at least five exercise sessions weekly over 12 weeks. Adherence will be objectively tracked using the Garmin Vivosmart 5, which monitors exercise duration and frequency. Range of adherence are 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher adherence.

Exercise adherence will be the primary outcome, defined as the percentage of participants completing at least five exercise sessions weekly over 12 weeks. Adherence will be objectively tracked using the Garmin Vivosmart 5, which monitors exercise duration and frequency. Range of adherence are 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher adherence.

The Revised Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), validated in Chinese, will measure six types of motivation, including amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. A total of 18 items with Likert scale 1-7, 5 domains: Intrinsic Regulation: 3, 9, 17, Integrated Regulation: 4, 11, 14, Identified Regulation: 6, 12, 18, Introjected Regulation: 1, 7, 16, External Regulation: 5, 8, 15, Non Regulation: 2, 10, 13. Each domain is record separately. The higher scores means the higher tendency of the domain. The range of the minimum and maximum values are 18-126.

The Revised Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), validated in Chinese, will measure six types of motivation, including amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. A total of 18 items with Likert scale 1-7, 5 domains: Intrinsic Regulation: 3, 9, 17, Integrated Regulation: 4, 11, 14, Identified Regulation: 6, 12, 18, Introjected Regulation: 1, 7, 16, External Regulation: 5, 8, 15, Non Regulation: 2, 10, 13. Each domain is record separately. The higher scores means the higher tendency of the domain. The range of the minimum and maximum values are 18-126.

The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) will assess physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms associated with TBI, validated for mild to moderate TBI cases. A total of 16 items, scored 0-4, ranged 0- 64, the higher scores mean the severity of the concussion symptoms.

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), with total scores categorized as follows: 0-13 (normal), 14-19 (mild depression), 20-28 (moderate depression), and 29-63 (severe depression), will evaluate depressive symptoms with established reliability (α = 0.94) and validity.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will assess subjective sleep quality, using a validated Chinese version. Previous research has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (0.82) and 14- to 21-day test-retest reliability (0.85) of the PSQI Chinese version in Taiwan's populations. Each component score of the PSQI ranges from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating the greatest dysfunction or disturbance. The seven component scores are then summed to obtain a global PSQI score, which ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality, with a score greater than 5 suggesting significant sleep difficulties.

The Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GLTPA) will measure weekly physical activity intensity, classified into light, moderate, and vigorous levels. The Chinese version of the GLTPA has shown good validity and is significantly correlated with mental health outcomes. By classifying physical activity intensity lasting for more than 15 minutes in the past week into strenuous activities, moderate strenuous activities, and light activities, and then multiplying by corresponding coefficients 9, 5, and 3 respectively for quantification, the sum of these scores is Godin's leisure time physical Total activity score, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity. The level of physical activity can be divided into three levels according to the total Godin leisure time physical activity score. A total score of 24 or above is considered active, a score between 14 and 23 is moderately active, and a score below 14 is consider Insufficiently active.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-brief (WHOQOL-BREF), validated in Chinese, with good internal consistency (α = 0.70-0.77), overall reliability (α = 0.91), and test-retest reliability (0.76-0.80), will assess the quality of life across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being. This scale covers subjective life feelings in four major categories: physical health, psychological, social relations, and environment. It has 24 questions in total. There are also 2 questions measuring the overall quality of life and general health at the general level. (general health), in addition, the Taiwan version adds 2 local questions, namely diet (whether you can eat the food you want) and face issues (whether you are respected), a total of 28 questions, and the scores for each category are introduced. Between 4 and 20, the higher the score, the better the quality of life.

Garmin Vivosmart 5. This wearable device will track heart rate, exercise intensity, and sleep patterns. HR will be track every second. Advanced sleep tracking in compatible Garmin devices takes into account multiple factors to help understanding of sleep. In addition to the basics, such as when participants fell asleep and when they woke up, researchers can see times when they were awake and how much time they spent in key sleep stages (light, deep, REM), and the data will be calculated by heart rate to increase its validity.

Cognitive function will be assessed pre-enrollment using the MMSE, with validated age- and education-adjusted thresholds. The MMSE has demonstrated good reliability and validity and is a strong predictor of disability levels in patients with traumatic brain injury. Participants with an MMSE score below 24 will be excluded from the study to ensure appropriate cognitive capacity for participation. The score range is 0-30 points, with the international standard cut-off value of 24 points, 18-24 points as mild dementia, 16-17 points as moderate dementia, and ≦15 points as severe dementia.

Cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated using the 6MWT, measuring the distance walked in six minutes as a reliable indicator of endurance. The higher distance means better cardiorespiratory fitness.

The Mobile App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) assesses usability across three dimensions: usability and satisfaction, system information arrangement, and system efficiency. A Chinese version of the questionnaire was developed in 2022, with an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) of 0.988 and an internal consistency range of 0.845-0.931. The test-retest reliability ranges from 0.828 to 0.918. A total of 21 items, Likert scale scores ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree), indicating the lower scores the better usability.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive tool for the early screening of mild cognitive impairment, particularly useful for detecting deficits in executive function, attention, short-term memory, language fluency, abstract thinking, and visuospatial abilities. The total score of the scale is 30 points, with a score of less than 26 considered indicative of possible mild cognitive impairment. The score can be adjusted (+1 point) based on educational level. The Chinese version of MoCA has been proven to have good reliability and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.83) and is particularly suitable for research populations in Asian regions.

In this study, the Biolight MediTECH® near-infrared brain blood flow imaging sensor (hemoencephalography; HEG) was used to measure blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. The Biolight near-infrared spectroscopy device is an HEG sensor designed by MediTECH®, based on NIR technology to observe the optical properties of cells and tissues at the reflection level. This enables monitoring of changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. By measuring light absorption at different wavelengths, the system can continuously track changes during tissue oxidation processes, thereby measuring cerebral blood flow conditions. The percentage of the NIR brain blood flow ranged 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher prefrontal brain blood flow.

Preliminary findings from this study applied the cardiac metabolic performance benchmark (CMPB3) to compare the effectiveness of increasing cerebral blood circulation at different intensities (CMPB3 ≤ 35, 40, 45, 50). Results indicated that CMPB3 levels above 40 effectively increased cerebral blood circulation, with improvements observed not only during exercise but also during the post-exercise rest period, where cerebral blood flow remained higher than the baseline level. The lower intensity means the lower exercise intensity and the higher ability to perform aerobic walking exercise. The benchmark will be calculated by the Heart rate measured by Garmin fitness bracelet.

This study will adopt semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences and perceptions of the walking program, as well as to complement and interpret quantitative data.

It is a qualitative data, not a quantitative data.

The interview content covers three major themes:

• Benefits of the walking program;
• Experiences and challenges of the walking program;
• The impact of the walking program on quality of life, sleep quality, concussion symptoms, psychological resilience, depression, exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity.

The Revised Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), validated in Chinese, will measure six types of motivation, including amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. A total of 18 items with Likert scale 1-7, 5 domains: Intrinsic Regulation: 3, 9, 17, Integrated Regulation: 4, 11, 14, Identified Regulation: 6, 12, 18, Introjected Regulation: 1, 7, 16, External Regulation: 5, 8, 15, Non Regulation: 2, 10, 13. Each domain is record separately. The higher scores means the higher tendency of the domain. The range of the minimum and maximum values are 18-126.

The Revised Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), validated in Chinese, will measure six types of motivation, including amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. A total of 18 items with Likert scale 1-7, 5 domains: Intrinsic Regulation: 3, 9, 17, Integrated Regulation: 4, 11, 14, Identified Regulation: 6, 12, 18, Introjected Regulation: 1, 7, 16, External Regulation: 5, 8, 15, Non Regulation: 2, 10, 13. Each domain is record separately. The higher scores means the higher tendency of the domain. The range of the minimum and maximum values are 18-126.

The Revised Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), validated in Chinese, will measure six types of motivation, including amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. A total of 18 items with Likert scale 1-7, 5 domains: Intrinsic Regulation: 3, 9, 17, Integrated Regulation: 4, 11, 14, Identified Regulation: 6, 12, 18, Introjected Regulation: 1, 7, 16, External Regulation: 5, 8, 15, Non Regulation: 2, 10, 13. Each domain is record separately. The higher scores means the higher tendency of the domain. The range of the minimum and maximum values are 18-126.

The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) will assess physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms associated with TBI, validated for mild to moderate TBI cases. A total of 16 items, scored 0-4, ranged 0- 64, the higher scores mean the severity of the concussion symptoms.

The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) will assess physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms associated with TBI, validated for mild to moderate TBI cases. A total of 16 items, scored 0-4, ranged 0- 64, the higher scores mean the severity of the concussion symptoms.

The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) will assess physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms associated with TBI, validated for mild to moderate TBI cases. A total of 16 items, scored 0-4, ranged 0- 64, the higher scores mean the severity of the concussion symptoms.

The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) will assess physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms associated with TBI, validated for mild to moderate TBI cases. A total of 16 items, scored 0-4, ranged 0- 64, the higher scores mean the severity of the concussion symptoms.

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), with total scores categorized as follows: 0-13 (normal), 14-19 (mild depression), 20-28 (moderate depression), and 29-63 (severe depression), will evaluate depressive symptoms with established reliability (α = 0.94) and validity.

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), with total scores categorized as follows: 0-13 (normal), 14-19 (mild depression), 20-28 (moderate depression), and 29-63 (severe depression), will evaluate depressive symptoms with established reliability (α = 0.94) and validity.

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), with total scores categorized as follows: 0-13 (normal), 14-19 (mild depression), 20-28 (moderate depression), and 29-63 (severe depression), will evaluate depressive symptoms with established reliability (α = 0.94) and validity.

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), with total scores categorized as follows: 0-13 (normal), 14-19 (mild depression), 20-28 (moderate depression), and 29-63 (severe depression), will evaluate depressive symptoms with established reliability (α = 0.94) and validity.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will assess subjective sleep quality, using a validated Chinese version [68]. Previous research has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (0.82) and 14- to 21-day test-retest reliability (0.85) of the PSQI Chinese version in Taiwan's populations. Each component score of the PSQI ranges from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating the greatest dysfunction or disturbance. The seven component scores are then summed to obtain a global PSQI score, which ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality, with a score greater than 5 suggesting significant sleep difficulties

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will assess subjective sleep quality, using a validated Chinese version [68]. Previous research has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (0.82) and 14- to 21-day test-retest reliability (0.85) of the PSQI Chinese version in Taiwan's populations. Each component score of the PSQI ranges from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating the greatest dysfunction or disturbance. The seven component scores are then summed to obtain a global PSQI score, which ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality, with a score greater than 5 suggesting significant sleep difficulties

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will assess subjective sleep quality, using a validated Chinese version [68]. Previous research has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (0.82) and 14- to 21-day test-retest reliability (0.85) of the PSQI Chinese version in Taiwan's populations. Each component score of the PSQI ranges from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating the greatest dysfunction or disturbance. The seven component scores are then summed to obtain a global PSQI score, which ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality, with a score greater than 5 suggesting significant sleep difficulties

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will assess subjective sleep quality, using a validated Chinese version [68]. Previous research has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (0.82) and 14- to 21-day test-retest reliability (0.85) of the PSQI Chinese version in Taiwan's populations. Each component score of the PSQI ranges from 0 to 3, with 3 indicating the greatest dysfunction or disturbance. The seven component scores are then summed to obtain a global PSQI score, which ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality, with a score greater than 5 suggesting significant sleep difficulties

The Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GLTPA) will measure weekly physical activity intensity, classified into light, moderate, and vigorous levels. The Chinese version of the GLTPA has shown good validity and is significantly correlated with mental health outcomes. By classifying physical activity intensity lasting for more than 15 minutes in the past week into strenuous activities, moderate strenuous activities, and light activities, and then multiplying by corresponding coefficients 9, 5, and 3 respectively for quantification, the sum of these scores is Godin's leisure time physical Total activity score, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity. The level of physical activity can be divided into three levels according to the total Godin leisure time physical activity score. A total score of 24 or above is considered active, a score between 14 and 23 is moderately active, and a score below 14 is consider Insufficiently active .

The Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GLTPA) will measure weekly physical activity intensity, classified into light, moderate, and vigorous levels. The Chinese version of the GLTPA has shown good validity and is significantly correlated with mental health outcomes. By classifying physical activity intensity lasting for more than 15 minutes in the past week into strenuous activities, moderate strenuous activities, and light activities, and then multiplying by corresponding coefficients 9, 5, and 3 respectively for quantification, the sum of these scores is Godin's leisure time physical Total activity score, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity. The level of physical activity can be divided into three levels according to the total Godin leisure time physical activity score. A total score of 24 or above is considered active, a score between 14 and 23 is moderately active, and a score below 14 is consider Insufficiently active.

The Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GLTPA) will measure weekly physical activity intensity, classified into light, moderate, and vigorous levels. The Chinese version of the GLTPA has shown good validity and is significantly correlated with mental health outcomes. By classifying physical activity intensity lasting for more than 15 minutes in the past week into strenuous activities, moderate strenuous activities, and light activities, and then multiplying by corresponding coefficients 9, 5, and 3 respectively for quantification, the sum of these scores is Godin's leisure time physical Total activity score, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity. The level of physical activity can be divided into three levels according to the total Godin leisure time physical activity score. A total score of 24 or above is considered active, a score between 14 and 23 is moderately active, and a score below 14 is consider Insufficiently active.

The Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GLTPA) will measure weekly physical activity intensity, classified into light, moderate, and vigorous levels. The Chinese version of the GLTPA has shown good validity and is significantly correlated with mental health outcomes. By classifying physical activity intensity lasting for more than 15 minutes in the past week into strenuous activities, moderate strenuous activities, and light activities, and then multiplying by corresponding coefficients 9, 5, and 3 respectively for quantification, the sum of these scores is Godin's leisure time physical Total activity score, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity. The level of physical activity can be divided into three levels according to the total Godin leisure time physical activity score. A total score of 24 or above is considered active, a score between 14 and 23 is moderately active, and a score below 14 is consider Insufficiently active.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-brief (WHOQOL-BREF), validated in Chinese, with good internal consistency (α = 0.70-0.77), overall reliability (α = 0.91), and test-retest reliability (0.76-0.80), will assess the quality of life across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being. This scale covers subjective life feelings in four major categories: physical health, psychological, social relations, and environment. It has 24 questions in total. There are also 2 questions measuring the overall quality of life and general health at the general level. (general health), in addition, the Taiwan version adds 2 local questions, namely diet (whether you can eat the food you want) and face issues (whether you are respected), a total of 28 questions, and the scores for each category are introduced. Between 4 and 20, the higher the score, the better the quality of life.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-brief (WHOQOL-BREF), validated in Chinese, with good internal consistency (α = 0.70-0.77), overall reliability (α = 0.91), and test-retest reliability (0.76-0.80), will assess the quality of life across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being. This scale covers subjective life feelings in four major categories: physical health, psychological, social relations, and environment. It has 24 questions in total. There are also 2 questions measuring the overall quality of life and general health at the general level. (general health), in addition, the Taiwan version adds 2 local questions, namely diet (whether you can eat the food you want) and face issues (whether you are respected), a total of 28 questions, and the scores for each category are introduced. Between 4 and 20, the higher the score, the better the quality of life.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-brief (WHOQOL-BREF), validated in Chinese, with good internal consistency (α = 0.70-0.77), overall reliability (α = 0.91), and test-retest reliability (0.76-0.80), will assess the quality of life across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being. This scale covers subjective life feelings in four major categories: physical health, psychological, social relations, and environment. It has 24 questions in total. There are also 2 questions measuring the overall quality of life and general health at the general level. (general health), in addition, the Taiwan version adds 2 local questions, namely diet (whether you can eat the food you want) and face issues (whether you are respected), a total of 28 questions, and the scores for each category are introduced. Between 4 and 20, the higher the score, the better the quality of life.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-brief (WHOQOL-BREF), validated in Chinese, with good internal consistency (α = 0.70-0.77), overall reliability (α = 0.91), and test-retest reliability (0.76-0.80), will assess the quality of life across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being. This scale covers subjective life feelings in four major categories: physical health, psychological, social relations, and environment. It has 24 questions in total. There are also 2 questions measuring the overall quality of life and general health at the general level. (general health), in addition, the Taiwan version adds 2 local questions, namely diet (whether you can eat the food you want) and face issues (whether you are respected), a total of 28 questions, and the scores for each category are introduced. Between 4 and 20, the higher the score, the better the quality of life.

Cognitive function will be assessed pre-enrollment using the MMSE, with validated age- and education-adjusted thresholds [75]. The MMSE has demonstrated good reliability and validity and is a strong predictor of disability levels in patients with traumatic brain injury [76]. Participants with an MMSE score below 24 will be excluded from the study to ensure appropriate cognitive capacity for participation. The score range is 0-30 points, with the international standard cut-off value of 24 points, 18-24 points as mild dementia, 16-17 points as moderate dementia, and ≦15 points as severe dementia.

Cognitive function will be assessed pre-enrollment using the MMSE, with validated age- and education-adjusted thresholds [75]. The MMSE has demonstrated good reliability and validity and is a strong predictor of disability levels in patients with traumatic brain injury [76]. Participants with an MMSE score below 24 will be excluded from the study to ensure appropriate cognitive capacity for participation. The score range is 0-30 points, with the international standard cut-off value of 24 points, 18-24 points as mild dementia, 16-17 points as moderate dementia, and ≦15 points as severe dementia.

Cognitive function will be assessed pre-enrollment using the MMSE, with validated age- and education-adjusted thresholds. The MMSE has demonstrated good reliability and validity and is a strong predictor of disability levels in patients with traumatic brain injury. Participants with an MMSE score below 24 will be excluded from the study to ensure appropriate cognitive capacity for participation. The score range is 0-30 points, with the international standard cut-off value of 24 points, 18-24 points as mild dementia, 16-17 points as moderate dementia, and ≦15 points as severe dementia.

Cognitive function will be assessed pre-enrollment using the MMSE, with validated age- and education-adjusted thresholds. The MMSE has demonstrated good reliability and validity and is a strong predictor of disability levels in patients with traumatic brain injury. Participants with an MMSE score below 24 will be excluded from the study to ensure appropriate cognitive capacity for participation. The score range is 0-30 points, with the international standard cut-off value of 24 points, 18-24 points as mild dementia, 16-17 points as moderate dementia, and ≦15 points as severe dementia.

Cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated using the 6MWT, measuring the distance walked in six minutes as a reliable indicator of endurance. The higher distance means better cardiorespiratory fitness.

Cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated using the 6MWT, measuring the distance walked in six minutes as a reliable indicator of endurance. The higher distance means better cardiorespiratory fitness.

Cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated using the 6MWT, measuring the distance walked in six minutes as a reliable indicator of endurance. The higher distance means better cardiorespiratory fitness.

Cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), measuring the distance walked in six minutes as a reliable indicator of endurance. The higher distance means better cardiorespiratory fitness.

The Mobile App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) assesses usability across three dimensions: usability and satisfaction, system information arrangement, and system efficiency. A Chinese version of the questionnaire was developed in 2022, with an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) of 0.988 and an internal consistency range of 0.845-0.931. The test-retest reliability ranges from 0.828 to 0.918. A total of 21 items, Likert scale scores ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree), indicating the lower scores the better usability.

The Mobile App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) assesses usability across three dimensions: usability and satisfaction, system information arrangement, and system efficiency. A Chinese version of the questionnaire was developed in 2022, with an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) of 0.988 and an internal consistency range of 0.845-0.931. The test-retest reliability ranges from 0.828 to 0.918. A total of 21 items, Likert scale scores ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree), indicating the lower scores the better usability.

The Mobile App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) assesses usability across three dimensions: usability and satisfaction, system information arrangement, and system efficiency. A Chinese version of the questionnaire was developed in 2022, with an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) of 0.988 and an internal consistency range of 0.845-0.931. The test-retest reliability ranges from 0.828 to 0.918. A total of 21 items, Likert scale scores ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree), indicating the lower scores the better usability.

The Mobile App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) assesses usability across three dimensions: usability and satisfaction, system information arrangement, and system efficiency. A Chinese version of the questionnaire was developed in 2022, with an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) of 0.988 and an internal consistency range of 0.845-0.931. The test-retest reliability ranges from 0.828 to 0.918. A total of 21 items, Likert scale scores ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree), indicating the lower scores the better usability.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive tool for the early screening of mild cognitive impairment, particularly useful for detecting deficits in executive function, attention, short-term memory, language fluency, abstract thinking, and visuospatial abilities. The total score of the scale is 30 points, with a score of less than 26 considered indicative of possible mild cognitive impairment. The score can be adjusted (+1 point) based on educational level. The Chinese version of MoCA has been proven to have good reliability and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.83) and is particularly suitable for research populations in Asian regions.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive tool for the early screening of mild cognitive impairment, particularly useful for detecting deficits in executive function, attention, short-term memory, language fluency, abstract thinking, and visuospatial abilities. The total score of the scale is 30 points, with a score of less than 26 considered indicative of possible mild cognitive impairment. The score can be adjusted (+1 point) based on educational level. The Chinese version of MoCA has been proven to have good reliability and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.83) and is particularly suitable for research populations in Asian regions.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive tool for the early screening of mild cognitive impairment, particularly useful for detecting deficits in executive function, attention, short-term memory, language fluency, abstract thinking, and visuospatial abilities. The total score of the scale is 30 points, with a score of less than 26 considered indicative of possible mild cognitive impairment. The score can be adjusted (+1 point) based on educational level. The Chinese version of MoCA has been proven to have good reliability and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.83) and is particularly suitable for research populations in Asian regions.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a sensitive tool for the early screening of mild cognitive impairment, particularly useful for detecting deficits in executive function, attention, short-term memory, language fluency, abstract thinking, and visuospatial abilities. The total score of the scale is 30 points, with a score of less than 26 considered indicative of possible mild cognitive impairment. The score can be adjusted (+1 point) based on educational level. The Chinese version of MoCA has been proven to have good reliability and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.83) and is particularly suitable for research populations in Asian regions.

In this study, the Biolight MediTECH® near-infrared brain blood flow imaging sensor (hemoencephalography; HEG) was used to measure blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. The Biolight near-infrared spectroscopy device is an HEG sensor designed by MediTECH®, based on NIR technology to observe the optical properties of cells and tissues at the reflection level. This enables monitoring of changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. By measuring light absorption at different wavelengths, the system can continuously track changes during tissue oxidation processes, thereby measuring cerebral blood flow conditions. The percentage of the NIR brain blood flow ranged 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher prefrontal brain blood flow.

In this study, the Biolight MediTECH® near-infrared brain blood flow imaging sensor (hemoencephalography; HEG) was used to measure blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. The Biolight near-infrared spectroscopy device is an HEG sensor designed by MediTECH®, based on NIR technology to observe the optical properties of cells and tissues at the reflection level. This enables monitoring of changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. By measuring light absorption at different wavelengths, the system can continuously track changes during tissue oxidation processes, thereby measuring cerebral blood flow conditions. The percentage of the NIR brain blood flow ranged 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher prefrontal brain blood flow.

In this study, the Biolight MediTECH® near-infrared brain blood flow imaging sensor (hemoencephalography; HEG) was used to measure blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. The Biolight near-infrared spectroscopy device is an HEG sensor designed by MediTECH®, based on NIR technology to observe the optical properties of cells and tissues at the reflection level. This enables monitoring of changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. By measuring light absorption at different wavelengths, the system can continuously track changes during tissue oxidation processes, thereby measuring cerebral blood flow conditions. The percentage of the NIR brain blood flow ranged 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher prefrontal brain blood flow.

In this study, the Biolight MediTECH® near-infrared brain blood flow imaging sensor (hemoencephalography; HEG) was used to measure blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. The Biolight near-infrared spectroscopy device is an HEG sensor designed by MediTECH®, based on NIR technology to observe the optical properties of cells and tissues at the reflection level. This enables monitoring of changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. By measuring light absorption at different wavelengths, the system can continuously track changes during tissue oxidation processes, thereby measuring cerebral blood flow conditions. The percentage of the NIR brain blood flow ranged 0- 100%, the higher percentage means the higher prefrontal brain blood flow.

Preliminary findings from this study applied the cardiac metabolic performance benchmark (CMPB3) to compare the effectiveness of increasing cerebral blood circulation at different intensities (CMPB3 ≤ 35, 40, 45, 50). Results indicated that CMPB3 levels above 40 effectively increased cerebral blood circulation, with improvements observed not only during exercise but also during the post-exercise rest period, where cerebral blood flow remained higher than the baseline level. The lower intensity means the lower exercise intensity and the higher ability to perform aerobic walking exercise.

Preliminary findings from this study applied the cardiac metabolic performance benchmark (CMPB3) to compare the effectiveness of increasing cerebral blood circulation at different intensities (CMPB3 ≤ 35, 40, 45, 50). Results indicated that CMPB3 levels above 40 effectively increased cerebral blood circulation, with improvements observed not only during exercise but also during the post-exercise rest period, where cerebral blood flow remained higher than the baseline level. The lower intensity means the lower exercise intensity and the higher ability to perform aerobic walking exercise.

Preliminary findings from this study applied the cardiac metabolic performance benchmark (CMPB3) to compare the effectiveness of increasing cerebral blood circulation at different intensities (CMPB3 ≤ 35, 40, 45, 50). Results indicated that CMPB3 levels above 40 effectively increased cerebral blood circulation, with improvements observed not only during exercise but also during the post-exercise rest period, where cerebral blood flow remained higher than the baseline level. The lower intensity means the lower exercise intensity and the higher ability to perform aerobic walking exercise.

Preliminary findings from this study applied the cardiac metabolic performance benchmark (CMPB3) to compare the effectiveness of increasing cerebral blood circulation at different intensities (CMPB3 ≤ 35, 40, 45, 50). Results indicated that CMPB3 levels above 40 effectively increased cerebral blood circulation, with improvements observed not only during exercise but also during the post-exercise rest period, where cerebral blood flow remained higher than the baseline level. The lower intensity means the lower exercise intensity and the higher ability to perform aerobic walking exercise.

This study will adopt semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences and perceptions of the walking program, as well as to complement and interpret quantitative data.

It is a qualitative data, not a quantitative data.

The interview content covers three major themes:

• Benefits of the walking program;
• Experiences and challenges of the walking program;
• The impact of the walking program on quality of life, sleep quality, concussion symptoms, psychological resilience, depression, exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity.

This study will adopt semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences and perceptions of the walking program, as well as to complement and interpret quantitative data.

It is a qualitative data, not a quantitative data.

The interview content covers three major themes:

• Benefits of the walking program;
• Experiences and challenges of the walking program;
• The impact of the walking program on quality of life, sleep quality, concussion symptoms, psychological resilience, depression, exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity.

This study will adopt semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences and perceptions of the walking program, as well as to complement and interpret quantitative data.

It is a qualitative data, not a quantitative data.

The interview content covers three major themes:

• Benefits of the walking program;
• Experiences and challenges of the walking program;
• The impact of the walking program on quality of life, sleep quality, concussion symptoms, psychological resilience, depression, exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity.

This study will adopt semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences and perceptions of the walking program, as well as to complement and interpret quantitative data.

It is a qualitative data, not a quantitative data.

The interview content covers three major themes:

• Benefits of the walking program;
• Experiences and challenges of the walking program;
• The impact of the walking program on quality of life, sleep quality, concussion symptoms, psychological resilience, depression, exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity.

Garmin Vivosmart 5. This wearable device will track heart rate, exercise intensity, and sleep patterns. Data will be integrated with the Garmin Connect app for real-time monitoring and feedback. Through our preliminary study conducted by the research team in 2020 showed a high correlation (r = 0.91) between the heart rate measurements of the Garmin Vivosmart and the Zephyr BioHarness, validating its accuracy for home-based heart rate monitoring. Participants will wear the device at home to facilitate real-time tracking of exercise intensity and physiological responses during the intervention. HR will be track every second. Advanced sleep tracking in compatible Garmin devices takes into account multiple factors to help understanding of sleep. In addition to the basics, such as when participants fell asleep and when they woke up, researchers can see times when they were awake and how much time they spent in key sleep stages (light, deep, REM).

Garmin Vivosmart 5. This wearable device will track heart rate, exercise intensity, and sleep patterns. Data will be integrated with the Garmin Connect app for real-time monitoring and feedback. Through our preliminary study conducted by the research team in 2020 showed a high correlation (r = 0.91) between the heart rate measurements of the Garmin Vivosmart and the Zephyr BioHarness, validating its accuracy for home-based heart rate monitoring. Participants will wear the device at home to facilitate real-time tracking of exercise intensity and physiological responses during the intervention. HR will be track every second. Advanced sleep tracking in compatible Garmin devices takes into account multiple factors to help understanding of sleep. In addition to the basics, such as when participants fell asleep and when they woke up, researchers can see times when they were awake and how much time they spent in key sleep stages (light, deep, REM).

Garmin Vivosmart 5. This wearable device will track heart rate, exercise intensity, and sleep patterns. Data will be integrated with the Garmin Connect app for real-time monitoring and feedback. Through our preliminary study conducted by the research team in 2020 showed a high correlation (r = 0.91) between the heart rate measurements of the Garmin Vivosmart and the Zephyr BioHarness, validating its accuracy for home-based heart rate monitoring. Participants will wear the device at home to facilitate real-time tracking of exercise intensity and physiological responses during the intervention. HR will be track every second. Advanced sleep tracking in compatible Garmin devices takes into account multiple factors to help understanding of sleep. In addition to the basics, such as when participants fell asleep and when they woke up, researchers can see times when they were awake and how much time they spent in key sleep stages (light, deep, REM).

Garmin Vivosmart 5. This wearable device will track heart rate, exercise intensity, and sleep patterns. Data will be integrated with the Garmin Connect app for real-time monitoring and feedback. Through our preliminary study conducted by the research team in 2020 showed a high correlation (r = 0.91) between the heart rate measurements of the Garmin Vivosmart and the Zephyr BioHarness, validating its accuracy for home-based heart rate monitoring. Participants will wear the device at home to facilitate real-time tracking of exercise intensity and physiological responses during the intervention. HR will be track every second. Advanced sleep tracking in compatible Garmin devices takes into account multiple factors to help understanding of sleep. In addition to the basics, such as when participants fell asleep and when they woke up, researchers can see times when they were awake and how much time they spent in key sleep stages (light, deep, REM).