AI-assisted Transcranial Duplex Sonography for Early Detection of Intracerebral Haemorrhage: HYPER-AI-SCAN

Stroke is a medical emergency that can be caused either by a blocked blood vessel (ischaemic stroke) or by bleeding inside the brain (haemorrhagic stroke). These two types of stroke require very different treatments, and identifying which one is occurring as quickly as possible is essential.

Currently, the only reliable way to distinguish between these two types of stroke is with a brain scan such as a CT scan. However, CT is not always available immediately, especially in prehospital settings or in hospitals without 24/7 imaging access. As a result, patients may experience delays before receiving the correct treatment.

This study aims to explore whether a simple ultrasound scan of the brain, performed through the skull, can help identify haemorrhagic stroke more quickly. This technique is called transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). It is fast, non-invasive, and uses no radiation.

A total of 500 patients with suspected stroke within 48 hours of symptom onset will be included. After the standard CT scan confirms the diagnosis, each participant will undergo a brief ultrasound scan following a structured protocol.

The ultrasound images will then be used to train and test artificial intelligence (AI) models, which will learn to recognize patterns associated with haemorrhagic stroke. These AI models will compare the ultrasound images with CT results and try to predict whether a bleed is present ("ICH suspected") or not.

The main goals of the study are:

To determine whether portable ultrasound can be performed reliably and consistently in real stroke patients.

To evaluate whether AI can support clinicians by interpreting these ultrasound images and distinguishing between haemorrhagic and non-haemorrhagic strokes.

All other clinical information-such as symptoms, timing of arrival, and medical history-will also be collected to understand which factors may influence the performance of ultrasound and AI.

Importantly, the ultrasound does not replace standard medical care and will not influence the treatment that patients receive. It is performed only for research purposes. The CT scan remains the reference test for diagnosis.

By combining ultrasound with AI, this project hopes to pave the way for future systems capable of assisting paramedics or physicians in identifying haemorrhagic stroke earlier, especially in settings where CT is not immediately available. Earlier recognition may help reduce delays in blood pressure management or treatment reversal for patients taking anticoagulants.

Inclusion criteria

• Adult patients (age ≥18 years).
• Clinical diagnosis of acute stroke (ischemic or intracerebral hemorrhage).
• Able to undergo transtemporal transcranial ultrasound according to the standardized protocol (no clinical instability)
• Informed consent obtained from the patient or legally authorized representative, per local regulations.

Exclusion criteria

• Infratentorial hemorrhage (e.g., cerebellar or brainstem hemorrhage), due to limitations of transtemporal insonation.
• Isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage without parenchymal involvement.
• Hemodynamic instability or medical conditions requiring immediate life-saving intervention that preclude safe ultrasound recording.
• Known skull defects or prior craniectomy on the side required for contralateral insonation.
• Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigators, would interfere with protocol adherence or data accuracy.